1. Deployment overview

Strimzi simplifies the process of running Apache Kafka in a Kubernetes cluster.

This guide provides instructions for deploying and managing Strimzi. Deployment options and steps are covered using the example installation files included with Strimzi. While the guide highlights important configuration considerations, it does not cover all available options. For a deeper understanding of the Kafka component configuration options, refer to the Strimzi Custom Resource API Reference.

In addition to deployment instructions, the guide offers pre- and post-deployment guidance. It covers setting up and securing client access to your Kafka cluster. Furthermore, it explores additional deployment options such as metrics integration, distributed tracing, and cluster management tools like Cruise Control and the Strimzi Drain Cleaner. You’ll also find recommendations on managing Strimzi and fine-tuning Kafka configuration for optimal performance.

Upgrade instructions are provided for both Strimzi and Kafka, to help keep your deployment up to date.

Strimzi is designed to be compatible with all types of Kubernetes clusters, irrespective of their distribution. Whether your deployment involves public or private clouds, or if you are setting up a local development environment, the instructions in this guide are applicable in all cases.

1.1. Strimzi custom resources

A deployment of Kafka components to a Kubernetes cluster using Strimzi is highly configurable through the application of custom resources. Custom resources are created as instances of APIs added by Custom resource definitions (CRDs) to extend Kubernetes resources.

CRDs act as configuration instructions to describe the custom resources in a Kubernetes cluster, and are provided with Strimzi for each Kafka component used in a deployment, as well as users and topics. CRDs and custom resources are defined as YAML files. Example YAML files are provided with the Strimzi distribution.

CRDs also allow Strimzi resources to benefit from native Kubernetes features like CLI accessibility and configuration validation.

1.1.1. Strimzi custom resource example

CRDs require a one-time installation in a cluster to define the schemas used to instantiate and manage Strimzi-specific resources.

After a new custom resource type is added to your cluster by installing a CRD, you can create instances of the resource based on its specification.

Depending on the cluster setup, installation typically requires cluster admin privileges.

Note
 Access to manage custom resources is limited to Strimzi administrators. For more information, see Designating Strimzi administrators.

A CRD defines a new kind of resource, such as kind:Kafka, within a Kubernetes cluster.

The Kubernetes API server allows custom resources to be created based on the kind and understands from the CRD how to validate and store the custom resource when it is added to the Kubernetes cluster.

Warning
 When a CustomResourceDefinition is deleted, custom resources of that type are also deleted. Additionally, Kubernetes resources created by the custom resource are also deleted, such as Deployment, Pod, Service and ConfigMap resources.

Each Strimzi-specific custom resource conforms to the schema defined by the CRD for the resource’s kind. The custom resources for Strimzi components have common configuration properties, which are defined under spec.

To understand the relationship between a CRD and a custom resource, let’s look at a sample of the CRD for a Kafka topic.

Kafka topic CRD
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: CustomResourceDefinition
metadata: (1)
  name: kafkatopics.kafka.strimzi.io
  labels:
    app: strimzi
spec: (2)
  group: kafka.strimzi.io
  versions:
    v1beta2
  scope: Namespaced
  names:
    # ...
    singular: kafkatopic
    plural: kafkatopics
    shortNames:
    - kt (3)
  additionalPrinterColumns: (4)
      # ...
  subresources:
    status: {} (5)
  validation: (6)
    openAPIV3Schema:
      properties:
        spec:
          type: object
          properties:
            partitions:
              type: integer
              minimum: 1
            replicas:
              type: integer
              minimum: 1
              maximum: 32767
      # ...

  1. The metadata for the topic CRD, its name and a label to identify the CRD.

  2. The specification for this CRD, including the group (domain) name, the plural name and the supported schema version, which are used in the URL to access the API of the topic. The other names are used to identify instance resources in the CLI. For example, kubectl get kafkatopic my-topic or kubectl get kafkatopics.

  3. The shortname can be used in CLI commands. For example, kubectl get kt can be used as an abbreviation instead of kubectl get kafkatopic.

  4. The information presented when using a get command on the custom resource.

  5. The current status of the CRD as described in the schema reference for the resource.

  6. openAPIV3Schema validation provides validation for the creation of topic custom resources. For example, a topic requires at least one partition and one replica.

Note
 You can identify the CRD YAML files supplied with the Strimzi installation files, because the file names contain an index number followed by ‘Crd’.

Here is a corresponding example of a KafkaTopic custom resource.

Kafka topic custom resource
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaTopic (1)
metadata:
  name: my-topic
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster (2)
spec: (3)
  partitions: 1
  replicas: 1
  config:
    retention.ms: 7200000
    segment.bytes: 1073741824
status:
  conditions: (4)
    lastTransitionTime: "2019-08-20T11:37:00.706Z"
    status: "True"
    type: Ready
  observedGeneration: 1
  / ...

  1. The kind and apiVersion identify the CRD of which the custom resource is an instance.

  2. A label, applicable only to KafkaTopic and KafkaUser resources, that defines the name of the Kafka cluster (which is same as the name of the Kafka resource) to which a topic or user belongs.

  3. The spec shows the number of partitions and replicas for the topic as well as the configuration parameters for the topic itself. In this example, the retention period for a message to remain in the topic and the segment file size for the log are specified.

  4. Status conditions for the KafkaTopic resource. The type condition changed to Ready at the lastTransitionTime.

Custom resources can be applied to a cluster through the platform CLI. When the custom resource is created, it uses the same validation as the built-in resources of the Kubernetes API.

After a KafkaTopic custom resource is created, the Topic Operator is notified and corresponding Kafka topics are created in Strimzi.

Additional resources

1.2. Using the Kafka Bridge to connect with a Kafka cluster

You can use the Strimzi Kafka Bridge API to create and manage consumers and send and receive records over HTTP rather than the native Kafka protocol.

When you set up the Kafka Bridge you configure HTTP access to the Kafka cluster. You can then use the Kafka Bridge to produce and consume messages from the cluster, as well as performing other operations through its REST interface.

Additional resources

1.3. Document Conventions

User-replaced values

User-replaced values, also known as replaceables, are shown in with angle brackets (< >). Underscores ( _ ) are used for multi-word values. If the value refers to code or commands, monospace is also used.

For example, the following code shows that <my_namespace> must be replaced by the correct namespace name:

sed -i 's/namespace: .*/namespace: <my_namespace>' install/cluster-operator/*RoleBinding*.yaml

1.4. Additional resources

2. Strimzi installation methods

You can install Strimzi on Kubernetes 1.21 and later in three ways.

Installation method Description

Installation artifacts (YAML files)

Download the release artifacts from the GitHub releases page.

Download the strimzi-<version>.zip or strimzi-<version>.tar.gz archive file. The archive file contains installation artifacts and example configuration files.

Deploy the YAML installation artifacts to your Kubernetes cluster using kubectl. You start by deploying the Cluster Operator from install/cluster-operator to a single namespace, multiple namespaces, or all namespaces.

You can also use the install/ artifacts to deploy the following:

  • Strimi administrator roles (strimzi-admin)

  • A standalone Topic Operator (topic-operator)

  • A standalone User Operator (user-operator)

  • Strimzi Drain Cleaner (drain-cleaner)

OperatorHub.io

Use the Strimzi Kafka operator in the OperatorHub.io to deploy the Cluster Operator. You then deploy Strimzi components using custom resources.

Helm chart

Use a Helm chart to deploy the Cluster Operator. You then deploy Strimzi components using custom resources.

For the greatest flexibility, choose the installation artifacts method. The OperatorHub.io method provides a standard configuration and allows you to take advantage of automatic updates. Helm charts provide a convenient way to manage the installation of applications.

3. What is deployed with Strimzi

Apache Kafka components are provided for deployment to Kubernetes with the Strimzi distribution. The Kafka components are generally run as clusters for availability.

A typical deployment incorporating Kafka components might include:

  • Kafka cluster of broker nodes

  • ZooKeeper cluster of replicated ZooKeeper instances

  • Kafka Connect cluster for external data connections

  • Kafka MirrorMaker cluster to mirror the Kafka cluster in a secondary cluster

  • Kafka Exporter to extract additional Kafka metrics data for monitoring

  • Kafka Bridge to make HTTP-based requests to the Kafka cluster

Not all of these components are mandatory, though you need Kafka and ZooKeeper as a minimum. Some components can be deployed without Kafka, such as MirrorMaker or Kafka Connect.

3.1. Order of deployment

The required order of deployment to a Kubernetes cluster is as follows:

  1. Deploy the Cluster Operator to manage your Kafka cluster

  2. Deploy the Kafka cluster with the ZooKeeper cluster, and include the Topic Operator and User Operator in the deployment

  3. Optionally deploy:

    • The Topic Operator and User Operator standalone if you did not deploy them with the Kafka cluster

    • Kafka Connect

    • Kafka MirrorMaker

    • Kafka Bridge

    • Components for the monitoring of metrics

The Cluster Operator creates Kubernetes resources for the components, such as Deployment, Service, and Pod resources. The names of the Kubernetes resources are appended with the name specified for a component when it’s deployed. For example, a Kafka cluster named my-kafka-cluster has a service named my-kafka-cluster-kafka.

4. Preparing for your Strimzi deployment

Prepare for a deployment of Strimzi by completing any necessary pre-deployment tasks. Take the necessary preparatory steps according to your specific requirements, such as the following:

Note
 To run the commands in this guide, your cluster user must have the rights to manage role-based access control (RBAC) and CRDs.

4.1. Deployment prerequisites

To deploy Strimzi, you will need the following:

  • A Kubernetes 1.21 and later cluster.

    If you do not have access to a Kubernetes cluster, you can install Strimzi with Minikube.

  • The kubectl command-line tool is installed and configured to connect to the running cluster.

Note
 Strimzi supports some features that are specific to OpenShift, where such integration benefits OpenShift users and there is no equivalent implementation using standard Kubernetes.

oc and kubectl commands

The oc command functions as an alternative to kubectl. In almost all cases the example kubectl commands used in this guide can be done using oc simply by replacing the command name (options and arguments remain the same).

In other words, instead of using:

kubectl apply -f your-file

when using OpenShift you can use:

oc apply -f your-file
Note
 As an exception to this general rule, oc uses oc adm subcommands for cluster management functionality, whereas kubectl does not make this distinction. For example, the oc equivalent of kubectl taint is oc adm taint.

4.2. Downloading Strimzi release artifacts

To use deployment files to install Strimzi, download and extract the files from the GitHub releases page.

Strimzi release artifacts include sample YAML files to help you deploy the components of Strimzi to Kubernetes, perform common operations, and configure your Kafka cluster.

Use kubectl to deploy the Cluster Operator from the install/cluster-operator folder of the downloaded ZIP file. For more information about deploying and configuring the Cluster Operator, see Deploying the Cluster Operator.

In addition, if you want to use standalone installations of the Topic and User Operators with a Kafka cluster that is not managed by the Strimzi Cluster Operator, you can deploy them from the install/topic-operator and install/user-operator folders.

Note
 Strimzi container images are also available through the Container Registry. However, we recommend that you use the YAML files provided to deploy Strimzi.

4.3. Pushing container images to your own registry

Container images for Strimzi are available in the Container Registry. The installation YAML files provided by Strimzi will pull the images directly from the Container Registry.

If you do not have access to the Container Registry or want to use your own container repository:

  1. Pull all container images listed here

  2. Push them into your own registry

  3. Update the image names in the YAML files used in deployment

Note
 Each Kafka version supported for the release has a separate image.
Container image Namespace/Repository Description

Kafka

  • quay.io/strimzi/kafka:0.36.0-kafka-3.4.0

  • quay.io/strimzi/kafka:0.36.0-kafka-3.4.1

  • quay.io/strimzi/kafka:0.36.0-kafka-3.5.0

Strimzi image for running Kafka, including:

  • Kafka Broker

  • Kafka Connect

  • Kafka MirrorMaker

  • ZooKeeper

  • TLS Sidecars

Operator

  • quay.io/strimzi/operator:0.36.0

Strimzi image for running the operators:

  • Cluster Operator

  • Topic Operator

  • User Operator

  • Kafka Initializer

Kafka Bridge

  • quay.io/strimzi/kafka-bridge:0.26.0

Strimzi image for running the Strimzi kafka Bridge

Strimzi Drain Cleaner

  • quay.io/strimzi/drain-cleaner:0.5.0

Strimzi image for running the Strimzi Drain Cleaner

4.4. Designating Strimzi administrators

Strimzi provides custom resources for configuration of your deployment. By default, permission to view, create, edit, and delete these resources is limited to Kubernetes cluster administrators. Strimzi provides two cluster roles that you can use to assign these rights to other users:

  • strimzi-view allows users to view and list Strimzi resources.

  • strimzi-admin allows users to also create, edit or delete Strimzi resources.

When you install these roles, they will automatically aggregate (add) these rights to the default Kubernetes cluster roles. strimzi-view aggregates to the view role, and strimzi-admin aggregates to the edit and admin roles. Because of the aggregation, you might not need to assign these roles to users who already have similar rights.

The following procedure shows how to assign a strimzi-admin role that allows non-cluster administrators to manage Strimzi resources.

A system administrator can designate Strimzi administrators after the Cluster Operator is deployed.

Prerequisites
Procedure

  1. Create the strimzi-view and strimzi-admin cluster roles in Kubernetes.

    kubectl create -f install/strimzi-admin

  2. If needed, assign the roles that provide access rights to users that require them.

    kubectl create clusterrolebinding strimzi-admin --clusterrole=strimzi-admin --user=user1 --user=user2

4.5. Installing a local Kubernetes cluster with Minikube

Minikube offers an easy way to get started with Kubernetes. If a Kubernetes cluster is unavailable, you can use Minikube to create a local cluster.

You can download and install Minikube from the Kubernetes website, which also provides documentation. Depending on the number of brokers you want to deploy inside the cluster, and whether you want to run Kafka Connect as well, try running Minikube with at least with 4 GB of RAM instead of the default 2 GB.

Once installed, start Minikube using:

minikube start --memory 4096

To interact with the cluster, install the kubectl utility.

5. Deploying Strimzi using installation artifacts

Having prepared your environment for a deployment of Strimzi, you can deploy Strimzi to a Kubernetes cluster. Use the installation files provided with the release artifacts.

You can deploy Strimzi 0.36.0 on Kubernetes 1.21 and later.

The steps to deploy Strimzi using the installation files are as follows:

  1. Deploy the Cluster Operator

  2. Use the Cluster Operator to deploy the following:

    1. Kafka cluster

    2. Topic Operator

    3. User Operator

  3. Optionally, deploy the following Kafka components according to your requirements:

Note
 To run the commands in this guide, a Kubernetes user must have the rights to manage role-based access control (RBAC) and CRDs.

5.1. Basic deployment path

You can set up a deployment where Strimzi manages a single Kafka cluster in the same namespace. You might use this configuration for development or testing. Or you can use Strimzi in a production environment to manage a number of Kafka clusters in different namespaces.

The first step for any deployment of Strimzi is to install the Cluster Operator using the install/cluster-operator files.

A single command applies all the installation files in the cluster-operator folder: kubectl apply -f ./install/cluster-operator.

The command sets up everything you need to be able to create and manage a Kafka deployment, including the following:

  • Cluster Operator (Deployment, ConfigMap)

  • Strimzi CRDs (CustomResourceDefinition)

  • RBAC resources (ClusterRole, ClusterRoleBinding, RoleBinding)

  • Service account (ServiceAccount)

The basic deployment path is as follows:

  1. Download the release artifacts

  2. Create a Kubernetes namespace in which to deploy the Cluster Operator

  3. Deploy the Cluster Operator

    1. Update the install/cluster-operator files to use the namespace created for the Cluster Operator

    2. Install the Cluster Operator to watch one, multiple, or all namespaces

  4. Create a Kafka cluster

After which, you can deploy other Kafka components and set up monitoring of your deployment.

5.2. Deploying the Cluster Operator

The Cluster Operator is responsible for deploying and managing Kafka clusters within a Kubernetes cluster.

When the Cluster Operator is running, it starts to watch for updates of Kafka resources.

By default, a single replica of the Cluster Operator is deployed. You can add replicas with leader election so that additional Cluster Operators are on standby in case of disruption. For more information, see Running multiple Cluster Operator replicas with leader election.

5.2.1. Specifying the namespaces the Cluster Operator watches

The Cluster Operator watches for updates in the namespaces where the Kafka resources are deployed. When you deploy the Cluster Operator, you specify which namespaces to watch in the Kubernetes cluster. You can specify the following namespaces:

Watching multiple selected namespaces has the most impact on performance due to increased processing overhead. To optimize performance for namespace monitoring, it is generally recommended to either watch a single namespace or monitor the entire cluster. Watching a single namespace allows for focused monitoring of namespace-specific resources, while monitoring all namespaces provides a comprehensive view of the cluster’s resources across all namespaces.

The Cluster Operator watches for changes to the following resources:

  • Kafka for the Kafka cluster.

  • KafkaConnect for the Kafka Connect cluster.

  • KafkaConnector for creating and managing connectors in a Kafka Connect cluster.

  • KafkaMirrorMaker for the Kafka MirrorMaker instance.

  • KafkaMirrorMaker2 for the Kafka MirrorMaker 2 instance.

  • KafkaBridge for the Kafka Bridge instance.

  • KafkaRebalance for the Cruise Control optimization requests.

When one of these resources is created in the Kubernetes cluster, the operator gets the cluster description from the resource and starts creating a new cluster for the resource by creating the necessary Kubernetes resources, such as Deployments, Pods, Services and ConfigMaps.

Each time a Kafka resource is updated, the operator performs corresponding updates on the Kubernetes resources that make up the cluster for the resource.

Resources are either patched or deleted, and then recreated in order to make the cluster for the resource reflect the desired state of the cluster. This operation might cause a rolling update that might lead to service disruption.

When a resource is deleted, the operator undeploys the cluster and deletes all related Kubernetes resources.

Note
 While the Cluster Operator can watch one, multiple, or all namespaces in a Kubernetes cluster, the Topic Operator and User Operator watch for KafkaTopic and KafkaUser resources in a single namespace. For more information, see Watching namespaces with Strimzi operators.

5.2.2. Deploying the Cluster Operator to watch a single namespace

This procedure shows how to deploy the Cluster Operator to watch Strimzi resources in a single namespace in your Kubernetes cluster.

Prerequisites

  • You need an account with permission to create and manage CustomResourceDefinition and RBAC (ClusterRole, and RoleBinding) resources.

Procedure

  1. Edit the Strimzi installation files to use the namespace the Cluster Operator is going to be installed into.

    For example, in this procedure the Cluster Operator is installed into the namespace my-cluster-operator-namespace.

    On Linux, use:

    sed -i 's/namespace: .*/namespace: my-cluster-operator-namespace/' install/cluster-operator/*RoleBinding*.yaml

    On MacOS, use:

    sed -i '' 's/namespace: .*/namespace: my-cluster-operator-namespace/' install/cluster-operator/*RoleBinding*.yaml

  2. Deploy the Cluster Operator:

    kubectl create -f install/cluster-operator -n my-cluster-operator-namespace

  3. Check the status of the deployment:

    kubectl get deployments -n my-cluster-operator-namespace
    Output shows the deployment name and readiness
    NAME                      READY  UP-TO-DATE  AVAILABLE
strimzi-cluster-operator  1/1    1           1

    READY shows the number of replicas that are ready/expected. The deployment is successful when the AVAILABLE output shows 1.

5.2.3. Deploying the Cluster Operator to watch multiple namespaces

This procedure shows how to deploy the Cluster Operator to watch Strimzi resources across multiple namespaces in your Kubernetes cluster.

Prerequisites

  • You need an account with permission to create and manage CustomResourceDefinition and RBAC (ClusterRole, and RoleBinding) resources.

Procedure

  1. Edit the Strimzi installation files to use the namespace the Cluster Operator is going to be installed into.

    For example, in this procedure the Cluster Operator is installed into the namespace my-cluster-operator-namespace.

    On Linux, use:

    sed -i 's/namespace: .*/namespace: my-cluster-operator-namespace/' install/cluster-operator/*RoleBinding*.yaml

    On MacOS, use:

    sed -i '' 's/namespace: .*/namespace: my-cluster-operator-namespace/' install/cluster-operator/*RoleBinding*.yaml

  2. Edit the install/cluster-operator/060-Deployment-strimzi-cluster-operator.yaml file to add a list of all the namespaces the Cluster Operator will watch to the STRIMZI_NAMESPACE environment variable.

    For example, in this procedure the Cluster Operator will watch the namespaces watched-namespace-1, watched-namespace-2, watched-namespace-3.

    apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
spec:
  # ...
  template:
    spec:
      serviceAccountName: strimzi-cluster-operator
      containers:
      - name: strimzi-cluster-operator
        image: quay.io/strimzi/operator:0.36.0
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        env:
        - name: STRIMZI_NAMESPACE
          value: watched-namespace-1,watched-namespace-2,watched-namespace-3

  3. For each namespace listed, install the RoleBindings.

    In this example, we replace watched-namespace in these commands with the namespaces listed in the previous step, repeating them for watched-namespace-1, watched-namespace-2, watched-namespace-3:

    kubectl create -f install/cluster-operator/020-RoleBinding-strimzi-cluster-operator.yaml -n <watched_namespace>
kubectl create -f install/cluster-operator/023-RoleBinding-strimzi-cluster-operator.yaml -n <watched_namespace>
kubectl create -f install/cluster-operator/031-RoleBinding-strimzi-cluster-operator-entity-operator-delegation.yaml -n <watched_namespace>

  4. Deploy the Cluster Operator:

    kubectl create -f install/cluster-operator -n my-cluster-operator-namespace

  5. Check the status of the deployment:

    kubectl get deployments -n my-cluster-operator-namespace
    Output shows the deployment name and readiness
    NAME                      READY  UP-TO-DATE  AVAILABLE
strimzi-cluster-operator  1/1    1           1

    READY shows the number of replicas that are ready/expected. The deployment is successful when the AVAILABLE output shows 1.

5.2.4. Deploying the Cluster Operator to watch all namespaces

This procedure shows how to deploy the Cluster Operator to watch Strimzi resources across all namespaces in your Kubernetes cluster.

When running in this mode, the Cluster Operator automatically manages clusters in any new namespaces that are created.

Prerequisites

  • You need an account with permission to create and manage CustomResourceDefinition and RBAC (ClusterRole, and RoleBinding) resources.

Procedure

  1. Edit the Strimzi installation files to use the namespace the Cluster Operator is going to be installed into.

    For example, in this procedure the Cluster Operator is installed into the namespace my-cluster-operator-namespace.

    On Linux, use:

    sed -i 's/namespace: .*/namespace: my-cluster-operator-namespace/' install/cluster-operator/*RoleBinding*.yaml

    On MacOS, use:

    sed -i '' 's/namespace: .*/namespace: my-cluster-operator-namespace/' install/cluster-operator/*RoleBinding*.yaml

  2. Edit the install/cluster-operator/060-Deployment-strimzi-cluster-operator.yaml file to set the value of the STRIMZI_NAMESPACE environment variable to *.

    apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
spec:
  # ...
  template:
    spec:
      # ...
      serviceAccountName: strimzi-cluster-operator
      containers:
      - name: strimzi-cluster-operator
        image: quay.io/strimzi/operator:0.36.0
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        env:
        - name: STRIMZI_NAMESPACE
          value: "*"
        # ...

  3. Create ClusterRoleBindings that grant cluster-wide access for all namespaces to the Cluster Operator.

    kubectl create clusterrolebinding strimzi-cluster-operator-namespaced --clusterrole=strimzi-cluster-operator-namespaced --serviceaccount my-cluster-operator-namespace:strimzi-cluster-operator
kubectl create clusterrolebinding strimzi-cluster-operator-watched --clusterrole=strimzi-cluster-operator-watched --serviceaccount my-cluster-operator-namespace:strimzi-cluster-operator
kubectl create clusterrolebinding strimzi-cluster-operator-entity-operator-delegation --clusterrole=strimzi-entity-operator --serviceaccount my-cluster-operator-namespace:strimzi-cluster-operator

  4. Deploy the Cluster Operator to your Kubernetes cluster.

    kubectl create -f install/cluster-operator -n my-cluster-operator-namespace

  5. Check the status of the deployment:

    kubectl get deployments -n my-cluster-operator-namespace
    Output shows the deployment name and readiness
    NAME                      READY  UP-TO-DATE  AVAILABLE
strimzi-cluster-operator  1/1    1           1

    READY shows the number of replicas that are ready/expected. The deployment is successful when the AVAILABLE output shows 1.

5.3. Deploying Kafka

To be able to manage a Kafka cluster with the Cluster Operator, you must deploy it as a Kafka resource. Strimzi provides example deployment files to do this. You can use these files to deploy the Topic Operator and User Operator at the same time.

After you have deployed the Cluster Operator, use a Kafka resource to deploy the following components:

When installing Kafka, Strimzi also installs a ZooKeeper cluster and adds the necessary configuration to connect Kafka with ZooKeeper.

If you are trying the preview of the node pools feature, you can deploy a Kafka cluster with one or more node pools. Node pools provide configuration for a set of Kafka nodes. By using node pools, nodes can have different configuration within the same Kafka cluster.

Node pools are not enabled by default, so you must enable the KafkaNodePools feature gate before using them.

If you haven’t deployed a Kafka cluster as a Kafka resource, you can’t use the Cluster Operator to manage it. This applies, for example, to a Kafka cluster running outside of Kubernetes. However, you can use the Topic Operator and User Operator with a Kafka cluster that is not managed by Strimzi, by deploying them as standalone components. You can also deploy and use other Kafka components with a Kafka cluster not managed by Strimzi.

5.3.1. Deploying the Kafka cluster

This procedure shows how to deploy a Kafka cluster to your Kubernetes cluster using the Cluster Operator.

The deployment uses a YAML file to provide the specification to create a Kafka resource.

Strimzi provides the following example files you can use to create a Kafka cluster:

kafka-persistent.yaml

Deploys a persistent cluster with three ZooKeeper and three Kafka nodes.

kafka-jbod.yaml

Deploys a persistent cluster with three ZooKeeper and three Kafka nodes (each using multiple persistent volumes).

kafka-persistent-single.yaml

Deploys a persistent cluster with a single ZooKeeper node and a single Kafka node.

kafka-ephemeral.yaml

Deploys an ephemeral cluster with three ZooKeeper and three Kafka nodes.

kafka-ephemeral-single.yaml

Deploys an ephemeral cluster with three ZooKeeper nodes and a single Kafka node.

In this procedure, we use the examples for an ephemeral and persistent Kafka cluster deployment.

Ephemeral cluster

In general, an ephemeral (or temporary) Kafka cluster is suitable for development and testing purposes, not for production. This deployment uses emptyDir volumes for storing broker information (for ZooKeeper) and topics or partitions (for Kafka). Using an emptyDir volume means that its content is strictly related to the pod life cycle and is deleted when the pod goes down.

Persistent cluster

A persistent Kafka cluster uses persistent volumes to store ZooKeeper and Kafka data. A PersistentVolume is acquired using a PersistentVolumeClaim to make it independent of the actual type of the PersistentVolume. The PersistentVolumeClaim can use a StorageClass to trigger automatic volume provisioning. When no StorageClass is specified, Kubernetes will try to use the default StorageClass.

The following examples show some common types of persistent volumes:

  • If your Kubernetes cluster runs on Amazon AWS, Kubernetes can provision Amazon EBS volumes

  • If your Kubernetes cluster runs on Microsoft Azure, Kubernetes can provision Azure Disk Storage volumes

  • If your Kubernetes cluster runs on Google Cloud, Kubernetes can provision Persistent Disk volumes

  • If your Kubernetes cluster runs on bare metal, Kubernetes can provision local persistent volumes

The example YAML files specify the latest supported Kafka version, and configuration for its supported log message format version and inter-broker protocol version. The inter.broker.protocol.version property for the Kafka config must be the version supported by the specified Kafka version (spec.kafka.version). The property represents the version of Kafka protocol used in a Kafka cluster.

From Kafka 3.0.0, when the inter.broker.protocol.version is set to 3.0 or higher, the log.message.format.version option is ignored and doesn’t need to be set.

An update to the inter.broker.protocol.version is required when upgrading Kafka.

The example clusters are named my-cluster by default. The cluster name is defined by the name of the resource and cannot be changed after the cluster has been deployed. To change the cluster name before you deploy the cluster, edit the Kafka.metadata.name property of the Kafka resource in the relevant YAML file.

Default cluster name and specified Kafka versions
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  name: my-cluster
spec:
  kafka:
    version: 3.5.0
    #...
    config:
      #...
      log.message.format.version: "3.5"
      inter.broker.protocol.version: "3.5"
  # ...
Prerequisites
Procedure

  1. Create and deploy an ephemeral or persistent cluster.

    • To create and deploy an ephemeral cluster:

      kubectl apply -f examples/kafka/kafka-ephemeral.yaml

    • To create and deploy a persistent cluster:

      kubectl apply -f examples/kafka/kafka-persistent.yaml

  2. Check the status of the deployment:

    kubectl get pods -n <my_cluster_operator_namespace>
    Output shows the pod names and readiness
    NAME                        READY   STATUS    RESTARTS
my-cluster-entity-operator  3/3     Running   0
my-cluster-kafka-0          1/1     Running   0
my-cluster-kafka-1          1/1     Running   0
my-cluster-kafka-2          1/1     Running   0
my-cluster-zookeeper-0      1/1     Running   0
my-cluster-zookeeper-1      1/1     Running   0
my-cluster-zookeeper-2      1/1     Running   0

    my-cluster is the name of the Kafka cluster.

    A sequential index number starting with 0 identifies each Kafka and ZooKeeper pod created.

    With the default deployment, you create an Entity Operator cluster, 3 Kafka pods, and 3 ZooKeeper pods.

    READY shows the number of replicas that are ready/expected. The deployment is successful when the STATUS displays as Running.

Additional resources

Kafka cluster configuration

5.3.2. (Preview) Deploying Kafka node pools

This procedure shows how to deploy Kafka node pools to your Kubernetes cluster using the Cluster Operator. Node pools represent a distinct group of Kafka nodes within a Kafka cluster that share the same configuration. For each Kafka node in the node pool, any configuration not defined in node pool is inherited from the cluster configuration in the kafka resource.

Note
 The node pools feature is available as a preview. Node pools are not enabled by default, so you must enable the KafkaNodePools feature gate before using them.

The deployment uses a YAML file to provide the specification to create a KafkaNodePool resource. You can use node pools with Kafka clusters that use KRaft (Kafka Raft metadata) mode or ZooKeeper for cluster management.

Important
 KRaft mode is not ready for production in Apache Kafka or in Strimzi.

Strimzi provides the following example files that you can use to create a Kafka node pool:

kafka.yaml

Deploys ZooKeeper with 3 nodes, and 2 different pools of Kafka brokers. Each of the pools has 3 brokers. The pools in the example use different storage configuration.

kafka-with-dual-role-kraft-nodes.yaml

Deploys a Kafka cluster with one pool of KRaft nodes that share the broker and controller roles.

kafka-with-kraft.yaml

Deploys a Kafka cluster with one pool of controller nodes and one pool of broker nodes.

Note
 You don’t need to start using node pools right away. If you decide to use them, you can perform the steps outlined here to deploy a new Kafka cluster with KafkaNodePool resources or migrate your existing Kafka cluster.
Prerequisites
Note
 If you want to migrate an existing Kafka cluster to use node pools, see the steps to migrate existing Kafka clusters.
Procedure

  1. Enable the KafkaNodePools feature gate from the command line:

    kubectl set env install/cluster-operator STRIMZI_FEATURE_GATES="+KafkaNodePools"

    Or by editing the Cluster Operator Deployment and updating the STRIMZI_FEATURE_GATES environment variable:

    env
  - name: STRIMZI_FEATURE_GATES
    value: +KafkaNodePools

    This updates the Cluster Operator.

    If using KRaft mode, enable the UseKRaft feature gate as well.

  2. Create a node pool.

    • To deploy a Kafka cluster and ZooKeeper cluster with two node pools of three brokers:

      kubectl apply -f examples/kafka/nodepools/kafka.yaml

    • To deploy a Kafka cluster in KRaft mode with a single node pool that uses dual-role nodes:

      kubectl apply -f examples/kafka/nodepools/kafka-with-dual-role-kraft-nodes.yaml

    • To deploy a Kafka cluster in KRaft mode with separate node pools for broker and controller nodes:

      kubectl apply -f examples/kafka/nodepools/kafka-with-kraft.yaml

  3. Check the status of the deployment:

    kubectl get pods -n <my_cluster_operator_namespace>
    Output shows the node pool names and readiness
    NAME                        READY   STATUS    RESTARTS
my-cluster-entity-operator  3/3     Running   0
my-cluster-pool-a-kafka-0   1/1     Running   0
my-cluster-pool-a-kafka-1   1/1     Running   0
my-cluster-pool-a-kafka-4   1/1     Running   0

    • my-cluster is the name of the Kafka cluster.

    • pool-a is the name of the node pool.

      A sequential index number starting with 0 identifies each Kafka pod created. If you are using ZooKeeper, you’ll also see the ZooKeeper pods.

      READY shows the number of replicas that are ready/expected. The deployment is successful when the STATUS displays as Running.

      Information on the deployment is also shown in the status of the KafkaNodePool resource, including a list of IDs for nodes in the pool.

      Note
      		 Node IDs are assigned sequentially starting at 0 (zero) across all node pools within a cluster. This means that node IDs might not run sequentially within a specific node pool. If there are gaps in the sequence of node IDs across the cluster, the next node to be added is assigned an ID that fills the gap. When scaling down, the node with the highest node ID within a pool is removed.
Additional resources

Node pool configuration

5.3.3. Deploying the Topic Operator using the Cluster Operator

This procedure describes how to deploy the Topic Operator using the Cluster Operator. The Topic Operator can be deployed for use in either bidirectional mode or unidirectional mode. To learn more about bidirectional and unidirectional topic management, see Topic management modes.

Note
 Unidirectional topic management is available as a preview. Unidirectional topic management is not enabled by default, so you must enable the UnidirectionalTopicOperator feature gate to be able to use it.

You configure the entityOperator property of the Kafka resource to include the topicOperator. By default, the Topic Operator watches for KafkaTopic resources in the namespace of the Kafka cluster deployed by the Cluster Operator. You can also specify a namespace using watchedNamespace in the Topic Operator spec. A single Topic Operator can watch a single namespace. One namespace should be watched by only one Topic Operator.

If you use Strimzi to deploy multiple Kafka clusters into the same namespace, enable the Topic Operator for only one Kafka cluster or use the watchedNamespace property to configure the Topic Operators to watch other namespaces.

If you want to use the Topic Operator with a Kafka cluster that is not managed by Strimzi, you must deploy the Topic Operator as a standalone component.

For more information about configuring the entityOperator and topicOperator properties, see Configuring the Entity Operator.

Prerequisites
Procedure

  1. Edit the entityOperator properties of the Kafka resource to include topicOperator:

    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  name: my-cluster
spec:
  #...
  entityOperator:
    topicOperator: {}
    userOperator: {}

  2. Configure the Topic Operator spec using the properties described in the EntityTopicOperatorSpec schema reference.

    Use an empty object ({}) if you want all properties to use their default values.

  3. Create or update the resource:

    kubectl apply -f <kafka_configuration_file>

  4. Check the status of the deployment:

    kubectl get pods -n <my_cluster_operator_namespace>
    Output shows the pod name and readiness
    NAME                        READY   STATUS    RESTARTS
my-cluster-entity-operator  3/3     Running   0
# ...

    my-cluster is the name of the Kafka cluster.

    READY shows the number of replicas that are ready/expected. The deployment is successful when the STATUS displays as Running.

5.3.4. Deploying the User Operator using the Cluster Operator

This procedure describes how to deploy the User Operator using the Cluster Operator.

You configure the entityOperator property of the Kafka resource to include the userOperator. By default, the User Operator watches for KafkaUser resources in the namespace of the Kafka cluster deployment. You can also specify a namespace using watchedNamespace in the User Operator spec. A single User Operator can watch a single namespace. One namespace should be watched by only one User Operator.

If you want to use the User Operator with a Kafka cluster that is not managed by Strimzi, you must deploy the User Operator as a standalone component.

For more information about configuring the entityOperator and userOperator properties, see Configuring the Entity Operator.

Prerequisites
Procedure

  1. Edit the entityOperator properties of the Kafka resource to include userOperator:

    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  name: my-cluster
spec:
  #...
  entityOperator:
    topicOperator: {}
    userOperator: {}

  2. Configure the User Operator spec using the properties described in EntityUserOperatorSpec schema reference.

    Use an empty object ({}) if you want all properties to use their default values.

  3. Create or update the resource:

    kubectl apply -f <kafka_configuration_file>

  4. Check the status of the deployment:

    kubectl get pods -n <my_cluster_operator_namespace>
    Output shows the pod name and readiness
    NAME                        READY   STATUS    RESTARTS
my-cluster-entity-operator  3/3     Running   0
# ...

    my-cluster is the name of the Kafka cluster.

    READY shows the number of replicas that are ready/expected. The deployment is successful when the STATUS displays as Running.

5.3.5. List of Kafka cluster resources

The following resources are created by the Cluster Operator in the Kubernetes cluster:

Shared resources
cluster-name-cluster-ca

Secret with the Cluster CA private key used to encrypt the cluster communication.

cluster-name-cluster-ca-cert

Secret with the Cluster CA public key. This key can be used to verify the identity of the Kafka brokers.

cluster-name-clients-ca

Secret with the Clients CA private key used to sign user certificates

cluster-name-clients-ca-cert

Secret with the Clients CA public key. This key can be used to verify the identity of the Kafka users.

cluster-name-cluster-operator-certs

Secret with Cluster operators keys for communication with Kafka and ZooKeeper.

ZooKeeper nodes
cluster-name-zookeeper

Name given to the following ZooKeeper resources:

  • StrimziPodSet for managing the ZooKeeper node pods.

  • Service account used by the ZooKeeper nodes.

  • PodDisruptionBudget configured for the ZooKeeper nodes.

cluster-name-zookeeper-idx

Pods created by the StrimziPodSet.

cluster-name-zookeeper-nodes

Headless Service needed to have DNS resolve the ZooKeeper pods IP addresses directly.

cluster-name-zookeeper-client

Service used by Kafka brokers to connect to ZooKeeper nodes as clients.

cluster-name-zookeeper-config

ConfigMap that contains the ZooKeeper ancillary configuration, and is mounted as a volume by the ZooKeeper node pods.

cluster-name-zookeeper-nodes

Secret with ZooKeeper node keys.

cluster-name-network-policy-zookeeper

Network policy managing access to the ZooKeeper services.

data-cluster-name-zookeeper-idx

Persistent Volume Claim for the volume used for storing data for the ZooKeeper node pod idx. This resource will be created only if persistent storage is selected for provisioning persistent volumes to store data.

Kafka brokers
cluster-name-kafka

Name given to the following Kafka resources:

  • StrimziPodSet for managing the Kafka broker pods.

  • Service account used by the Kafka pods.

  • PodDisruptionBudget configured for the Kafka brokers.

cluster-name-kafka-idx

Name given to the following Kafka resources:

  • Pods created by the StrimziPodSet.

  • ConfigMaps with Kafka broker configuration.

cluster-name-kafka-brokers

Service needed to have DNS resolve the Kafka broker pods IP addresses directly.

cluster-name-kafka-bootstrap

Service can be used as bootstrap servers for Kafka clients connecting from within the Kubernetes cluster.

cluster-name-kafka-external-bootstrap

Bootstrap service for clients connecting from outside the Kubernetes cluster. This resource is created only when an external listener is enabled. The old service name will be used for backwards compatibility when the listener name is external and port is 9094.

cluster-name-kafka-pod-id

Service used to route traffic from outside the Kubernetes cluster to individual pods. This resource is created only when an external listener is enabled. The old service name will be used for backwards compatibility when the listener name is external and port is 9094.

cluster-name-kafka-external-bootstrap

Bootstrap route for clients connecting from outside the Kubernetes cluster. This resource is created only when an external listener is enabled and set to type route. The old route name will be used for backwards compatibility when the listener name is external and port is 9094.

cluster-name-kafka-pod-id

Route for traffic from outside the Kubernetes cluster to individual pods. This resource is created only when an external listener is enabled and set to type route. The old route name will be used for backwards compatibility when the listener name is external and port is 9094.

cluster-name-kafka-listener-name-bootstrap

Bootstrap service for clients connecting from outside the Kubernetes cluster. This resource is created only when an external listener is enabled. The new service name will be used for all other external listeners.

cluster-name-kafka-listener-name-pod-id

Service used to route traffic from outside the Kubernetes cluster to individual pods. This resource is created only when an external listener is enabled. The new service name will be used for all other external listeners.

cluster-name-kafka-listener-name-bootstrap

Bootstrap route for clients connecting from outside the Kubernetes cluster. This resource is created only when an external listener is enabled and set to type route. The new route name will be used for all other external listeners.

cluster-name-kafka-listener-name-pod-id

Route for traffic from outside the Kubernetes cluster to individual pods. This resource is created only when an external listener is enabled and set to type route. The new route name will be used for all other external listeners.

cluster-name-kafka-config

ConfigMap containing the Kafka ancillary configuration, which is mounted as a volume by the broker pods when the UseStrimziPodSets feature gate is disabled.

cluster-name-kafka-brokers

Secret with Kafka broker keys.

cluster-name-network-policy-kafka

Network policy managing access to the Kafka services.

strimzi-namespace-name-cluster-name-kafka-init

Cluster role binding used by the Kafka brokers.

cluster-name-jmx

Secret with JMX username and password used to secure the Kafka broker port. This resource is created only when JMX is enabled in Kafka.

data-cluster-name-kafka-idx

Persistent Volume Claim for the volume used for storing data for the Kafka broker pod idx. This resource is created only if persistent storage is selected for provisioning persistent volumes to store data.

data-id-cluster-name-kafka-idx

Persistent Volume Claim for the volume id used for storing data for the Kafka broker pod idx. This resource is created only if persistent storage is selected for JBOD volumes when provisioning persistent volumes to store data.

Entity Operator

These resources are only created if the Entity Operator is deployed using the Cluster Operator.

cluster-name-entity-operator

Name given to the following Entity Operator resources:

  • Deployment with Topic and User Operators.

  • Service account used by the Entity Operator.

  • Network policy managing access to the Entity Operator metrics.

cluster-name-entity-operator-random-string

Pod created by the Entity Operator deployment.

cluster-name-entity-topic-operator-config

ConfigMap with ancillary configuration for Topic Operators.

cluster-name-entity-user-operator-config

ConfigMap with ancillary configuration for User Operators.

cluster-name-entity-topic-operator-certs

Secret with Topic Operator keys for communication with Kafka and ZooKeeper.

cluster-name-entity-user-operator-certs

Secret with User Operator keys for communication with Kafka and ZooKeeper.

strimzi-cluster-name-entity-topic-operator

Role binding used by the Entity Topic Operator.

strimzi-cluster-name-entity-user-operator

Role binding used by the Entity User Operator.

Kafka Exporter

These resources are only created if the Kafka Exporter is deployed using the Cluster Operator.

cluster-name-kafka-exporter

Name given to the following Kafka Exporter resources:

  • Deployment with Kafka Exporter.

  • Service used to collect consumer lag metrics.

  • Service account used by the Kafka Exporter.

  • Network policy managing access to the Kafka Exporter metrics.

cluster-name-kafka-exporter-random-string

Pod created by the Kafka Exporter deployment.

Cruise Control

These resources are only created if Cruise Control was deployed using the Cluster Operator.

cluster-name-cruise-control

Name given to the following Cruise Control resources:

  • Deployment with Cruise Control.

  • Service used to communicate with Cruise Control.

  • Service account used by the Cruise Control.

cluster-name-cruise-control-random-string

Pod created by the Cruise Control deployment.

cluster-name-cruise-control-config

ConfigMap that contains the Cruise Control ancillary configuration, and is mounted as a volume by the Cruise Control pods.

cluster-name-cruise-control-certs

Secret with Cruise Control keys for communication with Kafka and ZooKeeper.

cluster-name-network-policy-cruise-control

Network policy managing access to the Cruise Control service.

5.4. Deploying Kafka Connect

Kafka Connect is an integration toolkit for streaming data between Kafka brokers and other systems using connector plugins. Kafka Connect provides a framework for integrating Kafka with an external data source or target, such as a database or messaging system, for import or export of data using connectors. Connectors are plugins that provide the connection configuration needed.

In Strimzi, Kafka Connect is deployed in distributed mode. Kafka Connect can also work in standalone mode, but this is not supported by Strimzi.

Using the concept of connectors, Kafka Connect provides a framework for moving large amounts of data into and out of your Kafka cluster while maintaining scalability and reliability.

The Cluster Operator manages Kafka Connect clusters deployed using the KafkaConnect resource and connectors created using the KafkaConnector resource.

In order to use Kafka Connect, you need to do the following.

Note
 The term connector is used interchangeably to mean a connector instance running within a Kafka Connect cluster, or a connector class. In this guide, the term connector is used when the meaning is clear from the context.

5.4.1. Deploying Kafka Connect to your Kubernetes cluster

This procedure shows how to deploy a Kafka Connect cluster to your Kubernetes cluster using the Cluster Operator.

A Kafka Connect cluster deployment is implemented with a configurable number of nodes (also called workers) that distribute the workload of connectors as tasks so that the message flow is highly scalable and reliable.

The deployment uses a YAML file to provide the specification to create a KafkaConnect resource.

Strimzi provides example configuration files. In this procedure, we use the following example file:

  • examples/connect/kafka-connect.yaml

Prerequisites
Procedure

  1. Deploy Kafka Connect to your Kubernetes cluster. Use the examples/connect/kafka-connect.yaml file to deploy Kafka Connect.

    kubectl apply -f examples/connect/kafka-connect.yaml

  2. Check the status of the deployment:

    kubectl get pods -n <my_cluster_operator_namespace>
    Output shows the deployment name and readiness
    NAME                                 READY  STATUS   RESTARTS
my-connect-cluster-connect-<pod_id>  1/1    Running  0

    my-connect-cluster is the name of the Kafka Connect cluster.

    A pod ID identifies each pod created.

    With the default deployment, you create a single Kafka Connect pod.

    READY shows the number of replicas that are ready/expected. The deployment is successful when the STATUS displays as Running.

Additional resources

Kafka Connect cluster configuration

5.4.2. Configuring Kafka Connect for multiple instances

If you are running multiple instances of Kafka Connect, you have to change the default configuration of the following config properties:

apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaConnect
metadata:
  name: my-connect
spec:
  # ...
  config:
    group.id: connect-cluster (1)
    offset.storage.topic: connect-cluster-offsets (2)
    config.storage.topic: connect-cluster-configs (3)
    status.storage.topic: connect-cluster-status  (4)
    # ...
# ...

  1. The Kafka Connect cluster ID within Kafka.

  2. Kafka topic that stores connector offsets.

  3. Kafka topic that stores connector and task status configurations.

  4. Kafka topic that stores connector and task status updates.

Note
 Values for the three topics must be the same for all Kafka Connect instances with the same group.id.

Unless you change the default settings, each Kafka Connect instance connecting to the same Kafka cluster is deployed with the same values. What happens, in effect, is all instances are coupled to run in a cluster and use the same topics.

If multiple Kafka Connect clusters try to use the same topics, Kafka Connect will not work as expected and generate errors.

If you wish to run multiple Kafka Connect instances, change the values of these properties for each instance.

5.4.3. Adding connectors

Kafka Connect uses connectors to integrate with other systems to stream data. A connector is an instance of a Kafka Connector class, which can be one of the following type:

Source connector

A source connector is a runtime entity that fetches data from an external system and feeds it to Kafka as messages.

Sink connector

A sink connector is a runtime entity that fetches messages from Kafka topics and feeds them to an external system.

Kafka Connect uses a plugin architecture to provide the implementation artifacts for connectors. Plugins allow connections to other systems and provide additional configuration to manipulate data. Plugins include connectors and other components, such as data converters and transforms. A connector operates with a specific type of external system. Each connector defines a schema for its configuration. You supply the configuration to Kafka Connect to create a connector instance within Kafka Connect. Connector instances then define a set of tasks for moving data between systems.

Add connector plugins to Kafka Connect in one of the following ways:

After plugins have been added to the container image, you can start, stop, and manage connector instances in the following ways:

You can also create new connector instances using these options.

Building a new container image with connector plugins automatically

Configure Kafka Connect so that Strimzi automatically builds a new container image with additional connectors. You define the connector plugins using the .spec.build.plugins property of the KafkaConnect custom resource. Strimzi will automatically download and add the connector plugins into a new container image. The container is pushed into the container repository specified in .spec.build.output and automatically used in the Kafka Connect deployment.

Prerequisites

You need to provide your own container registry where images can be pushed to, stored, and pulled from. Strimzi supports private container registries as well as public registries such as Quay or Docker Hub.

Procedure

  1. Configure the KafkaConnect custom resource by specifying the container registry in .spec.build.output, and additional connectors in .spec.build.plugins:

    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaConnect
metadata:
  name: my-connect-cluster
spec: # (1)
  #...
  build:
    output: # (2)
      type: docker
      image: my-registry.io/my-org/my-connect-cluster:latest
      pushSecret: my-registry-credentials
    plugins: # (3)
      - name: debezium-postgres-connector
        artifacts:
          - type: tgz
            url: https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/io/debezium/debezium-connector-postgres/2.1.3.Final/debezium-connector-postgres-2.1.3.Final-plugin.tar.gz
            sha512sum: c4ddc97846de561755dc0b021a62aba656098829c70eb3ade3b817ce06d852ca12ae50c0281cc791a5a131cb7fc21fb15f4b8ee76c6cae5dd07f9c11cb7c6e79
      - name: camel-telegram
        artifacts:
          - type: tgz
            url: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/camel/kafkaconnector/camel-telegram-kafka-connector/0.11.5/camel-telegram-kafka-connector-0.11.5-package.tar.gz
            sha512sum: d6d9f45e0d1dbfcc9f6d1c7ca2046168c764389c78bc4b867dab32d24f710bb74ccf2a007d7d7a8af2dfca09d9a52ccbc2831fc715c195a3634cca055185bd91
  #...

    1. The specification for the Kafka Connect cluster.

    2. (Required) Configuration of the container registry where new images are pushed.

    3. (Required) List of connector plugins and their artifacts to add to the new container image. Each plugin must be configured with at least one artifact.

  2. Create or update the resource:

    $ kubectl apply -f <kafka_connect_configuration_file>

  3. Wait for the new container image to build, and for the Kafka Connect cluster to be deployed.

  4. Use the Kafka Connect REST API or KafkaConnector custom resources to use the connector plugins you added.

Additional resources
Building a new container image with connector plugins from the Kafka Connect base image

Create a custom Docker image with connector plugins from the Kafka Connect base image Add the custom image to the /opt/kafka/plugins directory.

You can use the Kafka container image on Container Registry as a base image for creating your own custom image with additional connector plugins.

At startup, the Strimzi version of Kafka Connect loads any third-party connector plugins contained in the /opt/kafka/plugins directory.

Prerequisites
Procedure

  1. Create a new Dockerfile using quay.io/strimzi/kafka:0.36.0-kafka-3.5.0 as the base image:

    FROM quay.io/strimzi/kafka:0.36.0-kafka-3.5.0
USER root:root
COPY ./my-plugins/ /opt/kafka/plugins/
USER 1001
    Example plugins file
    $ tree ./my-plugins/
./my-plugins/
├── debezium-connector-mongodb
│   ├── bson-<version>.jar
│   ├── CHANGELOG.md
│   ├── CONTRIBUTE.md
│   ├── COPYRIGHT.txt
│   ├── debezium-connector-mongodb-<version>.jar
│   ├── debezium-core-<version>.jar
│   ├── LICENSE.txt
│   ├── mongodb-driver-core-<version>.jar
│   ├── README.md
│   └── # ...
├── debezium-connector-mysql
│   ├── CHANGELOG.md
│   ├── CONTRIBUTE.md
│   ├── COPYRIGHT.txt
│   ├── debezium-connector-mysql-<version>.jar
│   ├── debezium-core-<version>.jar
│   ├── LICENSE.txt
│   ├── mysql-binlog-connector-java-<version>.jar
│   ├── mysql-connector-java-<version>.jar
│   ├── README.md
│   └── # ...
└── debezium-connector-postgres
    ├── CHANGELOG.md
    ├── CONTRIBUTE.md
    ├── COPYRIGHT.txt
    ├── debezium-connector-postgres-<version>.jar
    ├── debezium-core-<version>.jar
    ├── LICENSE.txt
    ├── postgresql-<version>.jar
    ├── protobuf-java-<version>.jar
    ├── README.md
    └── # ...

    The COPY command points to the plugin files to copy to the container image.

    This example adds plugins for Debezium connectors (MongoDB, MySQL, and PostgreSQL), though not all files are listed for brevity. Debezium running in Kafka Connect looks the same as any other Kafka Connect task.

  2. Build the container image.

  3. Push your custom image to your container registry.

  4. Point to the new container image.

    You can point to the image in one of the following ways:

    • Edit the KafkaConnect.spec.image property of the KafkaConnect custom resource.

      If set, this property overrides the STRIMZI_KAFKA_CONNECT_IMAGES environment variable in the Cluster Operator.

      apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaConnect
metadata:
  name: my-connect-cluster
spec: (1)
  #...
  image: my-new-container-image (2)
  config: (3)
    #...

      1. The specification for the Kafka Connect cluster.

      2. The docker image for the pods.

      3. Configuration of the Kafka Connect workers (not connectors).

    • Edit the STRIMZI_KAFKA_CONNECT_IMAGES environment variable in the install/cluster-operator/060-Deployment-strimzi-cluster-operator.yaml file to point to the new container image, and then reinstall the Cluster Operator.

Additional resources
Deploying KafkaConnector resources

Deploy KafkaConnector resources to manage connectors. The KafkaConnector custom resource offers a Kubernetes-native approach to management of connectors by the Cluster Operator. You don’t need to send HTTP requests to manage connectors, as with the Kafka Connect REST API. You manage a running connector instance by updating its corresponding KafkaConnector resource, and then applying the updates. The Cluster Operator updates the configurations of the running connector instances. You remove a connector by deleting its corresponding KafkaConnector.

KafkaConnector resources must be deployed to the same namespace as the Kafka Connect cluster they link to.

In the configuration shown in this procedure, the autoRestart property is set to true. This enables automatic restarts of failed connectors and tasks. Up to seven restart attempts are made, after which restarts must be made manually. You annotate the KafkaConnector resource to restart a connector or restart a connector task manually.

Example connectors

You can use your own connectors or try the examples provided by Strimzi. Up until Apache Kafka 3.1.0, example file connector plugins were included with Apache Kafka. Starting from the 3.1.1 and 3.2.0 releases of Apache Kafka, the examples need to be added to the plugin path as any other connector.

Strimzi provides an example KafkaConnector configuration file (examples/connect/source-connector.yaml) for the example file connector plugins, which creates the following connector instances as KafkaConnector resources:

  • A FileStreamSourceConnector instance that reads each line from the Kafka license file (the source) and writes the data as messages to a single Kafka topic.

  • A FileStreamSinkConnector instance that reads messages from the Kafka topic and writes the messages to a temporary file (the sink).

We use the example file to create connectors in this procedure.

Note
 The example connectors are not intended for use in a production environment.
Prerequisites

  • A Kafka Connect deployment

  • The Cluster Operator is running

Procedure

  1. Add the FileStreamSourceConnector and FileStreamSinkConnector plugins to Kafka Connect in one of the following ways:

  2. Set the strimzi.io/use-connector-resources annotation to true in the Kafka Connect configuration.

    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaConnect
metadata:
  name: my-connect-cluster
  annotations:
    strimzi.io/use-connector-resources: "true"
spec:
    # ...

    With the KafkaConnector resources enabled, the Cluster Operator watches for them.

  3. Edit the examples/connect/source-connector.yaml file:

    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaConnector
metadata:
  name: my-source-connector # (1)
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-connect-cluster # (2)
spec:
  class: org.apache.kafka.connect.file.FileStreamSourceConnector # (3)
  tasksMax: 2 # (4)
  autoRestart: # (5)
    enabled: true
  config: # (6)
    file: "/opt/kafka/LICENSE" # (7)
    topic: my-topic (8)
    # ...

    1. Name of the KafkaConnector resource, which is used as the name of the connector. Use any name that is valid for a Kubernetes resource.

    2. Name of the Kafka Connect cluster to create the connector instance in. Connectors must be deployed to the same namespace as the Kafka Connect cluster they link to.

    3. Full name or alias of the connector class. This should be present in the image being used by the Kafka Connect cluster.

    4. Maximum number of Kafka Connect tasks that the connector can create.

    5. Enables automatic restarts of failed connectors and tasks.

    6. Connector configuration as key-value pairs.

    7. This example source connector configuration reads data from the /opt/kafka/LICENSE file.

    8. Kafka topic to publish the source data to.

  4. Create the source KafkaConnector in your Kubernetes cluster:

    kubectl apply -f examples/connect/source-connector.yaml

  5. Create an examples/connect/sink-connector.yaml file:

    touch examples/connect/sink-connector.yaml

  6. Paste the following YAML into the sink-connector.yaml file:

    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaConnector
metadata:
  name: my-sink-connector
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-connect
spec:
  class: org.apache.kafka.connect.file.FileStreamSinkConnector (1)
  tasksMax: 2
  config: (2)
    file: "/tmp/my-file" (3)
    topics: my-topic (4)

    1. Full name or alias of the connector class. This should be present in the image being used by the Kafka Connect cluster.

    2. Connector configuration as key-value pairs.

    3. Temporary file to publish the source data to.

    4. Kafka topic to read the source data from.

  7. Create the sink KafkaConnector in your Kubernetes cluster:

    kubectl apply -f examples/connect/sink-connector.yaml

  8. Check that the connector resources were created:

    kubectl get kctr --selector strimzi.io/cluster=<my_connect_cluster> -o name

my-source-connector
my-sink-connector

    Replace <my_connect_cluster> with the name of your Kafka Connect cluster.

  9. In the container, execute kafka-console-consumer.sh to read the messages that were written to the topic by the source connector:

    kubectl exec <my_kafka_cluster>-kafka-0 -i -t -- bin/kafka-console-consumer.sh --bootstrap-server <my_kafka_cluster>-kafka-bootstrap.NAMESPACE.svc:9092 --topic my-topic --from-beginning

    Replace <my_kafka_cluster> with the name of your Kafka cluster.

Source and sink connector configuration options

The connector configuration is defined in the spec.config property of the KafkaConnector resource.

The FileStreamSourceConnector and FileStreamSinkConnector classes support the same configuration options as the Kafka Connect REST API. Other connectors support different configuration options.

Table 1. Configuration options for the FileStreamSource connector class
Name Type Default value Description

file

String

Null

Source file to write messages to. If not specified, the standard input is used.

topic

List

Null

The Kafka topic to publish data to.
Table 2. Configuration options for FileStreamSinkConnector class
Name Type Default value Description

file

String

Null

Destination file to write messages to. If not specified, the standard output is used.

topics

List

Null

One or more Kafka topics to read data from.

topics.regex

String

Null

A regular expression matching one or more Kafka topics to read data from.
Manually restarting connectors

If you are using KafkaConnector resources to manage connectors, use the restart annotation to manually trigger a restart of a connector.

Prerequisites

  • The Cluster Operator is running.

Procedure

  1. Find the name of the KafkaConnector custom resource that controls the Kafka connector you want to restart:

    kubectl get KafkaConnector

  2. Restart the connector by annotating the KafkaConnector resource in Kubernetes.

    kubectl annotate KafkaConnector <kafka_connector_name> strimzi.io/restart=true

    The restart annotation is set to true.

  3. Wait for the next reconciliation to occur (every two minutes by default).

    The Kafka connector is restarted, as long as the annotation was detected by the reconciliation process. When Kafka Connect accepts the restart request, the annotation is removed from the KafkaConnector custom resource.

Manually restarting Kafka connector tasks

If you are using KafkaConnector resources to manage connectors, use the restart-task annotation to manually trigger a restart of a connector task.

Prerequisites

  • The Cluster Operator is running.

Procedure

  1. Find the name of the KafkaConnector custom resource that controls the Kafka connector task you want to restart:

    kubectl get KafkaConnector

  2. Find the ID of the task to be restarted from the KafkaConnector custom resource. Task IDs are non-negative integers, starting from 0:

    kubectl describe KafkaConnector <kafka_connector_name>

  3. Use the ID to restart the connector task by annotating the KafkaConnector resource in Kubernetes:

    kubectl annotate KafkaConnector <kafka_connector_name> strimzi.io/restart-task=0

    In this example, task 0 is restarted.

  4. Wait for the next reconciliation to occur (every two minutes by default).

    The Kafka connector task is restarted, as long as the annotation was detected by the reconciliation process. When Kafka Connect accepts the restart request, the annotation is removed from the KafkaConnector custom resource.

Exposing the Kafka Connect API

Use the Kafka Connect REST API as an alternative to using KafkaConnector resources to manage connectors. The Kafka Connect REST API is available as a service running on <connect_cluster_name>-connect-api:8083, where <connect_cluster_name> is the name of your Kafka Connect cluster. The service is created when you create a Kafka Connect instance.

The operations supported by the Kafka Connect REST API are described in the Apache Kafka Connect API documentation.

Note
 The strimzi.io/use-connector-resources annotation enables KafkaConnectors. If you applied the annotation to your KafkaConnect resource configuration, you need to remove it to use the Kafka Connect API. Otherwise, manual changes made directly using the Kafka Connect REST API are reverted by the Cluster Operator.

You can add the connector configuration as a JSON object.

Example curl request to add connector configuration
curl -X POST \
  http://my-connect-cluster-connect-api:8083/connectors \
  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
  -d '{ "name": "my-source-connector",
    "config":
    {
      "connector.class":"org.apache.kafka.connect.file.FileStreamSourceConnector",
      "file": "/opt/kafka/LICENSE",
      "topic":"my-topic",
      "tasksMax": "4",
      "type": "source"
    }
}'

The API is only accessible within the Kubernetes cluster. If you want to make the Kafka Connect API accessible to applications running outside of the Kubernetes cluster, you can expose it manually by creating one of the following features:

  • LoadBalancer or NodePort type services

  • Ingress resources (Kubernetes only)

  • OpenShift routes (OpenShift only)

Note
 The connection is insecure, so allow external access advisedly.

If you decide to create services, use the labels from the selector of the <connect_cluster_name>-connect-api service to configure the pods to which the service will route the traffic:

Selector configuration for the service
# ...
selector:
  strimzi.io/cluster: my-connect-cluster (1)
  strimzi.io/kind: KafkaConnect
  strimzi.io/name: my-connect-cluster-connect (2)
#...

  1. Name of the Kafka Connect custom resource in your Kubernetes cluster.

  2. Name of the Kafka Connect deployment created by the Cluster Operator.

You must also create a NetworkPolicy that allows HTTP requests from external clients.

Example NetworkPolicy to allow requests to the Kafka Connect API
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: my-custom-connect-network-policy
spec:
  ingress:
  - from:
    - podSelector: (1)
        matchLabels:
          app: my-connector-manager
    ports:
    - port: 8083
      protocol: TCP
  podSelector:
    matchLabels:
      strimzi.io/cluster: my-connect-cluster
      strimzi.io/kind: KafkaConnect
      strimzi.io/name: my-connect-cluster-connect
  policyTypes:
  - Ingress

  1. The label of the pod that is allowed to connect to the API.

To add the connector configuration outside the cluster, use the URL of the resource that exposes the API in the curl command.

Limiting access to the Kafka Connect API

It is crucial to restrict access to the Kafka Connect API only to trusted users to prevent unauthorized actions and potential security issues. The Kafka Connect API provides extensive capabilities for altering connector configurations, which makes it all the more important to take security precautions. Someone with access to the Kafka Connect API could potentially obtain sensitive information that an administrator may assume is secure.

The Kafka Connect REST API can be accessed by anyone who has authenticated access to the Kubernetes cluster and knows the endpoint URL, which includes the hostname/IP address and port number.

For example, suppose an organization uses a Kafka Connect cluster and connectors to stream sensitive data from a customer database to a central database. The administrator uses a configuration provider plugin to store sensitive information related to connecting to the customer database and the central database, such as database connection details and authentication credentials. The configuration provider protects this sensitive information from being exposed to unauthorized users. However, someone who has access to the Kafka Connect API can still obtain access to the customer database without the consent of the administrator. They can do this by setting up a fake database and configuring a connector to connect to it. They then modify the connector configuration to point to the customer database, but instead of sending the data to the central database, they send it to the fake database. By configuring the connector to connect to the fake database, the login details and credentials for connecting to the customer database are intercepted, even though they are stored securely in the configuration provider.

If you are using the KafkaConnector custom resources, then by default the Kubernetes RBAC rules permit only Kubernetes cluster administrators to make changes to connectors. You can also designate non-cluster administrators to manage Strimzi resources. With KafkaConnector resources enabled in your Kafka Connect configuration, changes made directly using the Kafka Connect REST API are reverted by the Cluster Operator. If you are not using the KafkaConnector resource, the default RBAC rules do not limit access to the Kafka Connect API. If you want to limit direct access to the Kafka Connect REST API using Kubernetes RBAC, you need to enable and use the KafkaConnector resources.

For improved security, we recommend configuring the following properties for the Kafka Connect API:

org.apache.kafka.disallowed.login.modules

(Kafka 3.4 or later) Set the org.apache.kafka.disallowed.login.modules Java system property to prevent the use of insecure login modules. For example, specifying com.sun.security.auth.module.JndiLoginModule prevents the use of the Kafka JndiLoginModule.

Example configuration for disallowing login modules
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaConnect
metadata:
  name: my-connect-cluster
  annotations:
    strimzi.io/use-connector-resources: "true"
spec:
  # ...
  jvmOptions:
    javaSystemProperties:
      - name: org.apache.kafka.disallowed.login.modules
        value: com.sun.security.auth.module.JndiLoginModule, org.apache.kafka.common.security.kerberos.KerberosLoginModule
# ...

Only allow trusted login modules and follow the latest advice from Kafka for the version you are using. As a best practice, you should explicitly disallow insecure login modules in your Kafka Connect configuration by using the org.apache.kafka.disallowed.login.modules system property.

connector.client.config.override.policy

Set the connector.client.config.override.policy property to None to prevent connector configurations from overriding the Kafka Connect configuration and the consumers and producers it uses.

Example configuration to specify connector override policy
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaConnect
metadata:
  name: my-connect-cluster
  annotations:
    strimzi.io/use-connector-resources: "true"
spec:
  # ...
  config:
    connector.client.config.override.policy: None
# ...
Switching from using the Kafka Connect API to using KafkaConnector custom resources

You can switch from using the Kafka Connect API to using KafkaConnector custom resources to manage your connectors. To make the switch, do the following in the order shown:

  1. Deploy KafkaConnector resources with the configuration to create your connector instances.

  2. Enable KafkaConnector resources in your Kafka Connect configuration by setting the strimzi.io/use-connector-resources annotation to true.

Warning
 If you enable KafkaConnector resources before creating them, you delete all connectors.

To switch from using KafkaConnector resources to using the Kafka Connect API, first remove the annotation that enables the KafkaConnector resources from your Kafka Connect configuration. Otherwise, manual changes made directly using the Kafka Connect REST API are reverted by the Cluster Operator.

When making the switch, check the status of the KafkaConnect resource. The value of metadata.generation (the current version of the deployment) must match status.observedGeneration (the latest reconciliation of the resource). When the Kafka Connect cluster is Ready, you can delete the KafkaConnector resources.

5.4.4. List of Kafka Connect cluster resources

The following resources are created by the Cluster Operator in the Kubernetes cluster:

connect-cluster-name-connect

Name given to the following Kafka Connect resources:

  • Deployment that creates the Kafka Connect worker node pods (when StableConnectIdentities feature gate is disabled).

  • StrimziPodSet that creates the Kafka Connect worker node pods (when StableConnectIdentities feature gate is enabled).

  • Headless service that provides stable DNS names to the Connect pods (when StableConnectIdentities feature gate is enabled).

  • Pod Disruption Budget configured for the Kafka Connect worker nodes.

connect-cluster-name-connect-idx

Pods created by the Kafka Connect StrimziPodSet (when StableConnectIdentities feature gate is enabled).

connect-cluster-name-connect-api

Service which exposes the REST interface for managing the Kafka Connect cluster.

connect-cluster-name-config

ConfigMap which contains the Kafka Connect ancillary configuration and is mounted as a volume by the Kafka broker pods.

5.5. Deploying Kafka MirrorMaker

Kafka MirrorMaker replicates data between two or more Kafka clusters, within or across data centers. This process is called mirroring to avoid confusion with the concept of Kafka partition replication. MirrorMaker consumes messages from a source cluster and republishes those messages to a target cluster.

Data replication across clusters supports scenarios that require the following:

  • Recovery of data in the event of a system failure

  • Consolidation of data from multiple source clusters for centralized analysis

  • Restriction of data access to a specific cluster

  • Provision of data at a specific location to improve latency

5.5.1. Deploying Kafka MirrorMaker to your Kubernetes cluster

This procedure shows how to deploy a Kafka MirrorMaker cluster to your Kubernetes cluster using the Cluster Operator.

The deployment uses a YAML file to provide the specification to create a KafkaMirrorMaker or KafkaMirrorMaker2 resource depending on the version of MirrorMaker deployed.

Important
 Kafka MirrorMaker 1 (referred to as just MirrorMaker in the documentation) has been deprecated in Apache Kafka 3.0.0 and will be removed in Apache Kafka 4.0.0. As a result, the KafkaMirrorMaker custom resource which is used to deploy Kafka MirrorMaker 1 has been deprecated in Strimzi as well. The KafkaMirrorMaker resource will be removed from Strimzi when we adopt Apache Kafka 4.0.0. As a replacement, use the KafkaMirrorMaker2 custom resource with the IdentityReplicationPolicy.

Strimzi provides example configuration files. In this procedure, we use the following example files:

  • examples/mirror-maker/kafka-mirror-maker.yaml

  • examples/mirror-maker/kafka-mirror-maker-2.yaml

Prerequisites
Procedure

  1. Deploy Kafka MirrorMaker to your Kubernetes cluster:

    For MirrorMaker:

    kubectl apply -f examples/mirror-maker/kafka-mirror-maker.yaml

    For MirrorMaker 2:

    kubectl apply -f examples/mirror-maker/kafka-mirror-maker-2.yaml

  2. Check the status of the deployment:

    kubectl get pods -n <my_cluster_operator_namespace>
    Output shows the deployment name and readiness
    NAME                                    READY  STATUS   RESTARTS
my-mirror-maker-mirror-maker-<pod_id>   1/1    Running  1
my-mm2-cluster-mirrormaker2-<pod_id>    1/1    Running  1

    my-mirror-maker is the name of the Kafka MirrorMaker cluster. my-mm2-cluster is the name of the Kafka MirrorMaker 2 cluster.

    A pod ID identifies each pod created.

    With the default deployment, you install a single MirrorMaker or MirrorMaker 2 pod.

    READY shows the number of replicas that are ready/expected. The deployment is successful when the STATUS displays as Running.

Additional resources

5.5.2. List of Kafka MirrorMaker cluster resources

The following resources are created by the Cluster Operator in the Kubernetes cluster:

<mirror-maker-name>-mirror-maker

Deployment which is responsible for creating the Kafka MirrorMaker pods.

<mirror-maker-name>-config

ConfigMap which contains ancillary configuration for the Kafka MirrorMaker, and is mounted as a volume by the Kafka broker pods.

<mirror-maker-name>-mirror-maker

Pod Disruption Budget configured for the Kafka MirrorMaker worker nodes.

5.6. Deploying Kafka Bridge

Kafka Bridge provides an API for integrating HTTP-based clients with a Kafka cluster.

5.6.1. Deploying Kafka Bridge to your Kubernetes cluster

This procedure shows how to deploy a Kafka Bridge cluster to your Kubernetes cluster using the Cluster Operator.

The deployment uses a YAML file to provide the specification to create a KafkaBridge resource.

Strimzi provides example configuration files. In this procedure, we use the following example file:

  • examples/bridge/kafka-bridge.yaml

Prerequisites
Procedure

  1. Deploy Kafka Bridge to your Kubernetes cluster:

    kubectl apply -f examples/bridge/kafka-bridge.yaml

  2. Check the status of the deployment:

    kubectl get pods -n <my_cluster_operator_namespace>
    Output shows the deployment name and readiness
    NAME                       READY  STATUS   RESTARTS
my-bridge-bridge-<pod_id>  1/1    Running  0

    my-bridge is the name of the Kafka Bridge cluster.

    A pod ID identifies each pod created.

    With the default deployment, you install a single Kafka Bridge pod.

    READY shows the number of replicas that are ready/expected. The deployment is successful when the STATUS displays as Running.

Additional resources

5.6.2. Exposing the Kafka Bridge service to your local machine

Use port forwarding to expose the Strimzi Kafka Bridge service to your local machine on http://localhost:8080.

Note
 Port forwarding is only suitable for development and testing purposes.
Procedure

  1. List the names of the pods in your Kubernetes cluster:

    kubectl get pods -o name

pod/kafka-consumer
# ...
pod/my-bridge-bridge-<pod_id>

  2. Connect to the Kafka Bridge pod on port 8080:

    kubectl port-forward pod/my-bridge-bridge-<pod_id> 8080:8080 &
    Note
    		 If port 8080 on your local machine is already in use, use an alternative HTTP port, such as 8008.

API requests are now forwarded from port 8080 on your local machine to port 8080 in the Kafka Bridge pod.

5.6.3. Accessing the Kafka Bridge outside of Kubernetes

After deployment, the Strimzi Kafka Bridge can only be accessed by applications running in the same Kubernetes cluster. These applications use the <kafka_bridge_name>-bridge-service service to access the API.

If you want to make the Kafka Bridge accessible to applications running outside of the Kubernetes cluster, you can expose it manually by creating one of the following features:

  • LoadBalancer or NodePort type services

  • Ingress resources (Kubernetes only)

  • OpenShift routes (OpenShift only)

If you decide to create Services, use the labels from the selector of the <kafka_bridge_name>-bridge-service service to configure the pods to which the service will route the traffic:

  # ...
  selector:
    strimzi.io/cluster: kafka-bridge-name (1)
    strimzi.io/kind: KafkaBridge
  #...

  1. Name of the Kafka Bridge custom resource in your Kubernetes cluster.

5.6.4. List of Kafka Bridge cluster resources

The following resources are created by the Cluster Operator in the Kubernetes cluster:

bridge-cluster-name-bridge

Deployment which is in charge to create the Kafka Bridge worker node pods.

bridge-cluster-name-bridge-service

Service which exposes the REST interface of the Kafka Bridge cluster.

bridge-cluster-name-bridge-config

ConfigMap which contains the Kafka Bridge ancillary configuration and is mounted as a volume by the Kafka broker pods.

bridge-cluster-name-bridge

Pod Disruption Budget configured for the Kafka Bridge worker nodes.

5.7. Alternative standalone deployment options for Strimzi operators

You can perform a standalone deployment of the Topic Operator and User Operator. Consider a standalone deployment of these operators if you are using a Kafka cluster that is not managed by the Cluster Operator.

You deploy the operators to Kubernetes. Kafka can be running outside of Kubernetes. For example, you might be using a Kafka as a managed service. You adjust the deployment configuration for the standalone operator to match the address of your Kafka cluster.

5.7.1. Deploying the standalone Topic Operator

This procedure shows how to deploy the Topic Operator as a standalone component for topic management. You can use a standalone Topic Operator with a Kafka cluster that is not managed by the Cluster Operator.

A standalone deployment can operate with any Kafka cluster.

Standalone deployment files are provided with Strimzi. Use the 05-Deployment-strimzi-topic-operator.yaml deployment file to deploy the Topic Operator. Add or set the environment variables needed to make a connection to a Kafka cluster.

The Topic Operator watches for KafkaTopic resources in a single namespace. You specify the namespace to watch, and the connection to the Kafka cluster, in the Topic Operator configuration. A single Topic Operator can watch a single namespace. One namespace should be watched by only one Topic Operator. If you want to use more than one Topic Operator, configure each of them to watch different namespaces. In this way, you can use Topic Operators with multiple Kafka clusters.

Prerequisites

  • You are running a Kafka cluster for the Topic Operator to connect to.

    As long as the standalone Topic Operator is correctly configured for connection, the Kafka cluster can be running on a bare-metal environment, a virtual machine, or as a managed cloud application service.

Procedure

  1. Edit the env properties in the install/topic-operator/05-Deployment-strimzi-topic-operator.yaml standalone deployment file.

    Example standalone Topic Operator deployment configuration
    apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: strimzi-topic-operator
  labels:
    app: strimzi
spec:
  # ...
  template:
    # ...
    spec:
      # ...
      containers:
        - name: strimzi-topic-operator
          # ...
          env:
            - name: STRIMZI_NAMESPACE # (1)
              valueFrom:
                fieldRef:
                  fieldPath: metadata.namespace
            - name: STRIMZI_KAFKA_BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS # (2)
              value: my-kafka-bootstrap-address:9092
            - name: STRIMZI_RESOURCE_LABELS # (3)
              value: "strimzi.io/cluster=my-cluster"
            - name: STRIMZI_ZOOKEEPER_CONNECT # (4)
              value: my-cluster-zookeeper-client:2181
            - name: STRIMZI_ZOOKEEPER_SESSION_TIMEOUT_MS # (5)
              value: "18000"
            - name: STRIMZI_FULL_RECONCILIATION_INTERVAL_MS # (6)
              value: "120000"
            - name: STRIMZI_TOPIC_METADATA_MAX_ATTEMPTS # (7)
              value: "6"
            - name: STRIMZI_LOG_LEVEL # (8)
              value: INFO
            - name: STRIMZI_TLS_ENABLED # (9)
              value: "false"
            - name: STRIMZI_JAVA_OPTS # (10)
              value: "-Xmx=512M -Xms=256M"
            - name: STRIMZI_JAVA_SYSTEM_PROPERTIES # (11)
              value: "-Djavax.net.debug=verbose -DpropertyName=value"
            - name: STRIMZI_PUBLIC_CA # (12)
              value: "false"
            - name: STRIMZI_TLS_AUTH_ENABLED # (13)
              value: "false"
            - name: STRIMZI_SASL_ENABLED # (14)
              value: "false"
            - name: STRIMZI_SASL_USERNAME # (15)
              value: "admin"
            - name: STRIMZI_SASL_PASSWORD # (16)
              value: "password"
            - name: STRIMZI_SASL_MECHANISM # (17)
              value: "scram-sha-512"
            - name: STRIMZI_SECURITY_PROTOCOL # (18)
              value: "SSL"

    1. The Kubernetes namespace for the Topic Operator to watch for KafkaTopic resources. Specify the namespace of the Kafka cluster.

    2. The host and port pair of the bootstrap broker address to discover and connect to all brokers in the Kafka cluster. Use a comma-separated list to specify two or three broker addresses in case a server is down.

    3. The label to identify the KafkaTopic resources managed by the Topic Operator. This does not have to be the name of the Kafka cluster. It can be the label assigned to the KafkaTopic resource. If you deploy more than one Topic Operator, the labels must be unique for each. That is, the operators cannot manage the same resources.

    4. (ZooKeeper) The host and port pair of the address to connect to the ZooKeeper cluster. This must be the same ZooKeeper cluster that your Kafka cluster is using.

    5. (ZooKeeper) The ZooKeeper session timeout, in milliseconds. The default is 18000 (18 seconds).

    6. The interval between periodic reconciliations, in milliseconds. The default is 120000 (2 minutes).

    7. The number of attempts at getting topic metadata from Kafka. The time between each attempt is defined as an exponential backoff. Consider increasing this value when topic creation takes more time due to the number of partitions or replicas. The default is 6 attempts.

    8. The level for printing logging messages. You can set the level to ERROR, WARNING, INFO, DEBUG, or TRACE.

    9. Enables TLS support for encrypted communication with the Kafka brokers.

    10. (Optional) The Java options used by the JVM running the Topic Operator.

    11. (Optional) The debugging (-D) options set for the Topic Operator.

    12. (Optional) Skips the generation of trust store certificates if TLS is enabled through STRIMZI_TLS_ENABLED. If this environment variable is enabled, the brokers must use a public trusted certificate authority for their TLS certificates. The default is false.

    13. (Optional) Generates key store certificates for mTLS authentication. Setting this to false disables client authentication with mTLS to the Kafka brokers. The default is true.

    14. (Optional) Enables SASL support for client authentication when connecting to Kafka brokers. The default is false.

    15. (Optional) The SASL username for client authentication. Mandatory only if SASL is enabled through STRIMZI_SASL_ENABLED.

    16. (Optional) The SASL password for client authentication. Mandatory only if SASL is enabled through STRIMZI_SASL_ENABLED.

    17. (Optional) The SASL mechanism for client authentication. Mandatory only if SASL is enabled through STRIMZI_SASL_ENABLED. You can set the value to plain, scram-sha-256, or scram-sha-512.

    18. (Optional) The security protocol used for communication with Kafka brokers. The default value is "PLAINTEXT". You can set the value to PLAINTEXT, SSL, SASL_PLAINTEXT, or SASL_SSL.

  2. If you want to connect to Kafka brokers that are using certificates from a public certificate authority, set STRIMZI_PUBLIC_CA to true. Set this property to true, for example, if you are using Amazon AWS MSK service.

  3. If you enabled mTLS with the STRIMZI_TLS_ENABLED environment variable, specify the keystore and truststore used to authenticate connection to the Kafka cluster.

    Example mTLS configuration
    # ....
env:
  - name: STRIMZI_TRUSTSTORE_LOCATION # (1)
    value: "/path/to/truststore.p12"
  - name: STRIMZI_TRUSTSTORE_PASSWORD # (2)
    value: "TRUSTSTORE-PASSWORD"
  - name: STRIMZI_KEYSTORE_LOCATION # (3)
    value: "/path/to/keystore.p12"
  - name: STRIMZI_KEYSTORE_PASSWORD # (4)
    value: "KEYSTORE-PASSWORD"
# ...

    1. The truststore contains the public keys of the Certificate Authorities used to sign the Kafka and ZooKeeper server certificates.

    2. The password for accessing the truststore.

    3. The keystore contains the private key for mTLS authentication.

    4. The password for accessing the keystore.

  4. Deploy the Topic Operator.

    kubectl create -f install/topic-operator

  5. Check the status of the deployment:

    kubectl get deployments
    Output shows the deployment name and readiness
    NAME                    READY  UP-TO-DATE  AVAILABLE
strimzi-topic-operator  1/1    1           1

    READY shows the number of replicas that are ready/expected. The deployment is successful when the AVAILABLE output shows 1.

(Preview) Deploying the standalone Topic Operator for unidirectional topic management

Unidirectional topic management maintains topics solely through KafkaTopic resources. For more information on unidirectional topic management, see Topic management modes.

If you want to try the preview of unidirectional topic management, follow these steps to deploy the standalone Topic Operator.

Procedure

  1. Undeploy the current standalone Topic Operator.

    Retain the KafkaTopic resources, which are picked up by the Topic Operator when it is deployed again.

  2. Edit the Deployment configuration for the standalone Topic Operator to remove any ZooKeeper-related environment variables:

    • STRIMZI_ZOOKEEPER_CONNECT

    • STRIMZI_ZOOKEEPER_SESSION_TIMEOUT_MS

    • TC_ZK_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_MS

    • STRIMZI_USE_ZOOKEEPER_TOPIC_STORE

      It is the presence or absence of the ZooKeeper variables that defines whether the unidirectional Topic Operator is used. Unidirectional topic management does not use ZooKeeper. If ZooKeeper environment variables are not present, the unidirectional Topic Operator is used. Otherwise, the bidirectional Topic Operator is used.

      Other unused environment variables that can be removed if present:

    • STRIMZI_REASSIGN_THROTTLE

    • STRIMZI_REASSIGN_VERIFY_INTERVAL_MS

    • STRIMZI_TOPIC_METADATA_MAX_ATTEMPTS

    • STRIMZI_TOPICS_PATH

    • STRIMZI_STORE_TOPIC

    • STRIMZI_STORE_NAME

    • STRIMZI_APPLICATION_ID

    • STRIMZI_STALE_RESULT_TIMEOUT_MS

  3. (Optional) Set the STRIMZI_USE_FINALIZERS environment variable to false:

    Additional configuration for unidirectional topic management
    # ...
env:
  - name: STRIMZI_USE_FINALIZERS
    value: "false"

    Set this environment variable to false if you do not want to use finalizers to control topic deletion.

    Example standalone Topic Operator deployment configuration for unidirectional topic management
    apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: strimzi-topic-operator
  labels:
    app: strimzi
spec:
  # ...
  template:
    # ...
    spec:
      # ...
      containers:
        - name: strimzi-topic-operator
          # ...
          env:
            - name: STRIMZI_NAMESPACE
              valueFrom:
                fieldRef:
                  fieldPath: metadata.namespace
            - name: STRIMZI_KAFKA_BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS
              value: my-kafka-bootstrap-address:9092
            - name: STRIMZI_RESOURCE_LABELS
              value: "strimzi.io/cluster=my-cluster"
            - name: STRIMZI_FULL_RECONCILIATION_INTERVAL_MS
              value: "120000"
            - name: STRIMZI_LOG_LEVEL
              value: INFO
            - name: STRIMZI_TLS_ENABLED
              value: "false"
            - name: STRIMZI_JAVA_OPTS
              value: "-Xmx=512M -Xms=256M"
            - name: STRIMZI_JAVA_SYSTEM_PROPERTIES
              value: "-Djavax.net.debug=verbose -DpropertyName=value"
            - name: STRIMZI_PUBLIC_CA
              value: "false"
            - name: STRIMZI_TLS_AUTH_ENABLED
              value: "false"
            - name: STRIMZI_SASL_ENABLED
              value: "false"
            - name: STRIMZI_SASL_USERNAME
              value: "admin"
            - name: STRIMZI_SASL_PASSWORD
              value: "password"
            - name: STRIMZI_SASL_MECHANISM
              value: "scram-sha-512"
            - name: STRIMZI_SECURITY_PROTOCOL
              value: "SSL"
            - name: STRIMZI_USE_FINALIZERS
              value: "true"

  4. Deploy the standalone Topic Operator in the standard way.

5.7.2. Deploying the standalone User Operator

This procedure shows how to deploy the User Operator as a standalone component for user management. You can use a standalone User Operator with a Kafka cluster that is not managed by the Cluster Operator.

A standalone deployment can operate with any Kafka cluster.

Standalone deployment files are provided with Strimzi. Use the 05-Deployment-strimzi-user-operator.yaml deployment file to deploy the User Operator. Add or set the environment variables needed to make a connection to a Kafka cluster.

The User Operator watches for KafkaUser resources in a single namespace. You specify the namespace to watch, and the connection to the Kafka cluster, in the User Operator configuration. A single User Operator can watch a single namespace. One namespace should be watched by only one User Operator. If you want to use more than one User Operator, configure each of them to watch different namespaces. In this way, you can use the User Operator with multiple Kafka clusters.

Prerequisites

  • You are running a Kafka cluster for the User Operator to connect to.

    As long as the standalone User Operator is correctly configured for connection, the Kafka cluster can be running on a bare-metal environment, a virtual machine, or as a managed cloud application service.

Procedure

  1. Edit the following env properties in the install/user-operator/05-Deployment-strimzi-user-operator.yaml standalone deployment file.

    Example standalone User Operator deployment configuration
    apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: strimzi-user-operator
  labels:
    app: strimzi
spec:
  # ...
  template:
    # ...
    spec:
      # ...
      containers:
        - name: strimzi-user-operator
          # ...
          env:
            - name: STRIMZI_NAMESPACE (1)
              valueFrom:
                fieldRef:
                  fieldPath: metadata.namespace
            - name: STRIMZI_KAFKA_BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS (2)
              value: my-kafka-bootstrap-address:9092
            - name: STRIMZI_CA_CERT_NAME (3)
              value: my-cluster-clients-ca-cert
            - name: STRIMZI_CA_KEY_NAME (4)
              value: my-cluster-clients-ca
            - name: STRIMZI_LABELS (5)
              value: "strimzi.io/cluster=my-cluster"
            - name: STRIMZI_FULL_RECONCILIATION_INTERVAL_MS (6)
              value: "120000"
            - name: STRIMZI_WORK_QUEUE_SIZE (7)
              value: 10000
            - name: STRIMZI_CONTROLLER_THREAD_POOL_SIZE (8)
              value: 10
            - name: STRIMZI_USER_OPERATIONS_THREAD_POOL_SIZE (9)
              value: 4
            - name: STRIMZI_LOG_LEVEL (10)
              value: INFO
            - name: STRIMZI_GC_LOG_ENABLED (11)
              value: "true"
            - name: STRIMZI_CA_VALIDITY (12)
              value: "365"
            - name: STRIMZI_CA_RENEWAL (13)
              value: "30"
            - name: STRIMZI_JAVA_OPTS (14)
              value: "-Xmx=512M -Xms=256M"
            - name: STRIMZI_JAVA_SYSTEM_PROPERTIES (15)
              value: "-Djavax.net.debug=verbose -DpropertyName=value"
            - name: STRIMZI_SECRET_PREFIX (16)
              value: "kafka-"
            - name: STRIMZI_ACLS_ADMIN_API_SUPPORTED (17)
              value: "true"
            - name: STRIMZI_MAINTENANCE_TIME_WINDOWS (18)
              value: '* * 8-10 * * ?;* * 14-15 * * ?'
            - name: STRIMZI_KAFKA_ADMIN_CLIENT_CONFIGURATION (19)
              value: |
                default.api.timeout.ms=120000
                request.timeout.ms=60000
            - name: STRIMZI_KRAFT_ENABLED (20)
              value: "false"

    1. The Kubernetes namespace for the User Operator to watch for KafkaUser resources. Only one namespace can be specified.

    2. The host and port pair of the bootstrap broker address to discover and connect to all brokers in the Kafka cluster. Use a comma-separated list to specify two or three broker addresses in case a server is down.

    3. The Kubernetes Secret that contains the public key (ca.crt) value of the CA (certificate authority) that signs new user certificates for mTLS authentication.

    4. The Kubernetes Secret that contains the private key (ca.key) value of the CA that signs new user certificates for mTLS authentication.

    5. The label to identify the KafkaUser resources managed by the User Operator. This does not have to be the name of the Kafka cluster. It can be the label assigned to the KafkaUser resource. If you deploy more than one User Operator, the labels must be unique for each. That is, the operators cannot manage the same resources.

    6. The interval between periodic reconciliations, in milliseconds. The default is 120000 (2 minutes).

    7. The size of the controller event queue. The size of the queue should be at least as big as the maximal amount of users you expect the User Operator to operate. The default is 1024.

    8. The size of the worker pool for reconciling the users. Bigger pool might require more resources, but it will also handle more KafkaUser resources The default is 50.

    9. The size of the worker pool for Kafka Admin API and Kubernetes operations. Bigger pool might require more resources, but it will also handle more KafkaUser resources The default is 4.

    10. The level for printing logging messages. You can set the level to ERROR, WARNING, INFO, DEBUG, or TRACE.

    11. Enables garbage collection (GC) logging. The default is true.

    12. The validity period for the CA. The default is 365 days.

    13. The renewal period for the CA. The renewal period is measured backwards from the expiry date of the current certificate. The default is 30 days to initiate certificate renewal before the old certificates expire.

    14. (Optional) The Java options used by the JVM running the User Operator

    15. (Optional) The debugging (-D) options set for the User Operator

    16. (Optional) Prefix for the names of Kubernetes secrets created by the User Operator.

    17. (Optional) Indicates whether the Kafka cluster supports management of authorization ACL rules using the Kafka Admin API. When set to false, the User Operator will reject all resources with simple authorization ACL rules. This helps to avoid unnecessary exceptions in the Kafka cluster logs. The default is true.

    18. (Optional) Semi-colon separated list of Cron Expressions defining the maintenance time windows during which the expiring user certificates will be renewed.

    19. (Optional) Configuration options for configuring the Kafka Admin client used by the User Operator in the properties format.

    20. (Optional) Indicates whether the Kafka cluster the User Operator is connecting to is using KRaft instead of ZooKeeper. Set this variable to true if the Kafka cluster uses KRaft. The default is false. Note that some features are not available when running against KRaft clusters. For example, management of SCRAM-SHA-512 users is disabled because Apache Kafka currently does not support it.

  2. If you are using mTLS to connect to the Kafka cluster, specify the secrets used to authenticate connection. Otherwise, go to the next step.

    Example mTLS configuration
    # ....
env:
  - name: STRIMZI_CLUSTER_CA_CERT_SECRET_NAME (1)
    value: my-cluster-cluster-ca-cert
  - name: STRIMZI_EO_KEY_SECRET_NAME (2)
    value: my-cluster-entity-operator-certs
# ..."

    1. The Kubernetes Secret that contains the public key (ca.crt) value of the CA that signs Kafka broker certificates.

    2. The Kubernetes Secret that contains the certificate public key (entity-operator.crt) and private key (entity-operator.key) that is used for mTLS authentication against the Kafka cluster.

  3. Deploy the User Operator.

    kubectl create -f install/user-operator

  4. Check the status of the deployment:

    kubectl get deployments
    Output shows the deployment name and readiness
    NAME                   READY  UP-TO-DATE  AVAILABLE
strimzi-user-operator  1/1    1           1

    READY shows the number of replicas that are ready/expected. The deployment is successful when the AVAILABLE output shows 1.

6. Deploying Strimzi from OperatorHub.io

OperatorHub.io is a catalog of Kubernetes operators sourced from multiple providers. It offers you an alternative way to install a stable version of Strimzi.

The Operator Lifecycle Manager is used for the installation and management of all operators published on OperatorHub.io. Operator Lifecycle Manager is a prerequisite for installing the Strimzi Kafka operator

To install Strimzi, locate Strimzi from OperatorHub.io, and follow the instructions provided to deploy the Cluster Operator. After you have deployed the Cluster Operator, you can deploy Strimzi components using custom resources. For example, you can deploy the Kafka custom resource, and the installed Cluster Operator will create a Kafka cluster.

Upgrades between versions might include manual steps. Always read the release notes before upgrading.

For information on upgrades, see Cluster Operator upgrade options.

Warning
 Make sure you use the appropriate update channel. Installing Strimzi from the default stable channel is generally safe. However, we do not recommend enabling automatic OLM updates on the stable channel. An automatic upgrade will skip any necessary steps prior to upgrade. For example, to upgrade from 0.22 or earlier you must first update custom resources to support the v1beta2 API version. Use automatic upgrades only on version-specific channels.

7. Deploying Strimzi using Helm

Helm charts are used to package, configure, and deploy Kubernetes resources. Strimzi provides a Helm chart to deploy the Cluster Operator.

After you have deployed the Cluster Operator this way, you can deploy Strimzi components using custom resources. For example, you can deploy the Kafka custom resource, and the installed Cluster Operator will create a Kafka cluster.

For information on upgrades, see Cluster Operator upgrade options.

Prerequisites

  • The Helm client must be installed on a local machine.

Procedure

  1. Install the Strimzi Cluster Operator using the Helm command line tool:

    helm install strimzi-cluster-operator oci://quay.io/strimzi-helm/strimzi-kafka-operator

    Alternatively, you can use parameter values to install a specific version of the Cluster Operator or specify any changes to the default configuration.

    Example configuration that installs a specific version of the Cluster Operator and changes the number of replicas
    helm install strimzi-cluster-operator --set replicas=2 --version 0.35.0 oci://quay.io/strimzi-helm/strimzi-kafka-operator

  2. Verify that the Cluster Operator has been deployed successfully using the Helm command line tool:

    helm ls

  3. Deploy Kafka and other Kafka components using custom resources.

8. Configuring a deployment

Configure and manage a Strimzi deployment to your precise needs using Strimzi custom resources. Strimzi provides example custom resources with each release, allowing you to configure and create instances of supported Kafka components. Fine-tune your deployment by configuring custom resources to include additional features according to your specific requirements. For specific areas of configuration, namely metrics, logging, and external configuration for Kafka Connect connectors, you can also use ConfigMap resources. By using a ConfigMap resource to incorporate configuration, you centralize maintenance. You can also use configuration providers to load configuration from external sources, which we recommend for supplying the credentials for Kafka Connect connector configuration.

Use custom resources to configure and create instances of the following components:

  • Kafka clusters

  • Kafka Connect clusters

  • Kafka MirrorMaker

  • Kafka Bridge

  • Cruise Control

You can also use custom resource configuration to manage your instances or modify your deployment to introduce additional features. This might include configuration that supports the following:

  • (Preview) Specifying node pools

  • Securing client access to Kafka brokers

  • Accessing Kafka brokers from outside the cluster

  • Creating topics

  • Creating users (clients)

  • Controlling feature gates

  • Changing logging frequency

  • Allocating resource limits and requests

  • Introducing features, such as Strimzi Drain Cleaner, Cruise Control, or distributed tracing.

The Strimzi Custom Resource API Reference describes the properties you can use in your configuration.

Note
 Labels applied to a custom resource are also applied to the Kubernetes resources making up its cluster. This provides a convenient mechanism for resources to be labeled as required.
Applying changes to a custom resource configuration file

You add configuration to a custom resource using spec properties. After adding the configuration, you can use kubectl to apply the changes to a custom resource configuration file:

kubectl apply -f <kafka_configuration_file>

8.1. Using example configuration files

Further enhance your deployment by incorporating additional supported configuration. Example configuration files are provided with the downloadable release artifacts from the GitHub releases page. You can also access the example files directly from the examples directory.

The example files include only the essential properties and values for custom resources by default. You can download and apply the examples using the kubectl command-line tool. The examples can serve as a starting point when building your own Kafka component configuration for deployment.

Note
 If you installed Strimzi using the Operator, you can still download the example files and use them to upload configuration.

The release artifacts include an examples directory that contains the configuration examples.

Example configuration files provided with Strimzi
examples
├── user (1)
├── topic (2)
├── security (3)
│   ├── tls-auth
│   ├── scram-sha-512-auth
│   └── keycloak-authorization
├── mirror-maker (4)
├── metrics (5)
├── kafka (6)
│   └── nodepools (7)
├── cruise-control (8)
├── connect (9)
└── bridge (10)

  1. KafkaUser custom resource configuration, which is managed by the User Operator.

  2. KafkaTopic custom resource configuration, which is managed by Topic Operator.

  3. Authentication and authorization configuration for Kafka components. Includes example configuration for TLS and SCRAM-SHA-512 authentication. The Keycloak example includes Kafka custom resource configuration and a Keycloak realm specification. You can use the example to try Keycloak authorization services. There is also an example with enabled oauth authentication and keycloak authorization metrics.

  4. Kafka custom resource configuration for a deployment of Mirror Maker. Includes example configuration for replication policy and synchronization frequency.

  5. Metrics configuration, including Prometheus installation and Grafana dashboard files.

  6. Kafka custom resource configuration for a deployment of Kafka. Includes example configuration for an ephemeral or persistent single or multi-node deployment.

  7. (Preview) KafkaNodePool configuration for Kafka nodes in a Kafka cluster. Includes example configuration for nodes in clusters that use KRaft (Kafka Raft metadata) mode or ZooKeeper.

  8. Kafka custom resource with a deployment configuration for Cruise Control. Includes KafkaRebalance custom resources to generate optimization proposals from Cruise Control, with example configurations to use the default or user optimization goals.

  9. KafkaConnect and KafkaConnector custom resource configuration for a deployment of Kafka Connect. Includes example configurations for a single or multi-node deployment.

  10. KafkaBridge custom resource configuration for a deployment of Kafka Bridge.

8.2. Configuring Kafka

Update the spec properties of the Kafka custom resource to configure your Kafka deployment.

As well as configuring Kafka, you can add configuration for ZooKeeper and the Strimzi Operators. Common configuration properties, such as logging and healthchecks, are configured independently for each component.

Configuration options that are particularly important include the following:

  • Resource requests (CPU / Memory)

  • JVM options for maximum and minimum memory allocation

  • Listeners for connecting clients to Kafka brokers (and authentication of clients)

  • Authentication

  • Storage

  • Rack awareness

  • Metrics

  • Cruise Control for cluster rebalancing

For a deeper understanding of the Kafka cluster configuration options, refer to the Strimzi Custom Resource API Reference.

Kafka versions

The inter.broker.protocol.version property for the Kafka config must be the version supported by the specified Kafka version (spec.kafka.version). The property represents the version of Kafka protocol used in a Kafka cluster.

From Kafka 3.0.0, when the inter.broker.protocol.version is set to 3.0 or higher, the log.message.format.version option is ignored and doesn’t need to be set.

An update to the inter.broker.protocol.version is required when upgrading your Kafka version. For more information, see Upgrading Kafka.

Managing TLS certificates

When deploying Kafka, the Cluster Operator automatically sets up and renews TLS certificates to enable encryption and authentication within your cluster. If required, you can manually renew the cluster and clients CA certificates before their renewal period starts. You can also replace the keys used by the cluster and clients CA certificates. For more information, see Renewing CA certificates manually and Replacing private keys.

Example Kafka custom resource configuration
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  name: my-cluster
spec:
  kafka:
    replicas: 3 # (1)
    version: 3.5.0 # (2)
    logging: # (3)
      type: inline
      loggers:
        kafka.root.logger.level: INFO
    resources: # (4)
      requests:
        memory: 64Gi
        cpu: "8"
      limits:
        memory: 64Gi
        cpu: "12"
    readinessProbe: # (5)
      initialDelaySeconds: 15
      timeoutSeconds: 5
    livenessProbe:
      initialDelaySeconds: 15
      timeoutSeconds: 5
    jvmOptions: # (6)
      -Xms: 8192m
      -Xmx: 8192m
    image: my-org/my-image:latest # (7)
    listeners: # (8)
      - name: plain # (9)
        port: 9092 # (10)
        type: internal # (11)
        tls: false # (12)
        configuration:
          useServiceDnsDomain: true # (13)
      - name: tls
        port: 9093
        type: internal
        tls: true
        authentication: # (14)
          type: tls
      - name: external # (15)
        port: 9094
        type: route
        tls: true
        configuration:
          brokerCertChainAndKey: # (16)
            secretName: my-secret
            certificate: my-certificate.crt
            key: my-key.key
    authorization: # (17)
      type: simple
    config: # (18)
      auto.create.topics.enable: "false"
      offsets.topic.replication.factor: 3
      transaction.state.log.replication.factor: 3
      transaction.state.log.min.isr: 2
      default.replication.factor: 3
      min.insync.replicas: 2
      inter.broker.protocol.version: "3.5"
    storage: # (19)
      type: persistent-claim # (20)
      size: 10000Gi
    rack: # (21)
      topologyKey: topology.kubernetes.io/zone
    metricsConfig: # (22)
      type: jmxPrometheusExporter
      valueFrom:
        configMapKeyRef: # (23)
          name: my-config-map
          key: my-key
    # ...
  zookeeper: # (24)
    replicas: 3 # (25)
    logging: # (26)
      type: inline
      loggers:
        zookeeper.root.logger: INFO
    resources:
      requests:
        memory: 8Gi
        cpu: "2"
      limits:
        memory: 8Gi
        cpu: "2"
    jvmOptions:
      -Xms: 4096m
      -Xmx: 4096m
    storage:
      type: persistent-claim
      size: 1000Gi
    metricsConfig:
      # ...
  entityOperator: # (27)
    tlsSidecar: # (28)
      resources:
        requests:
          cpu: 200m
          memory: 64Mi
        limits:
          cpu: 500m
          memory: 128Mi
    topicOperator:
      watchedNamespace: my-topic-namespace
      reconciliationIntervalSeconds: 60
      logging: # (29)
        type: inline
        loggers:
          rootLogger.level: INFO
      resources:
        requests:
          memory: 512Mi
          cpu: "1"
        limits:
          memory: 512Mi
          cpu: "1"
    userOperator:
      watchedNamespace: my-topic-namespace
      reconciliationIntervalSeconds: 60
      logging: # (30)
        type: inline
        loggers:
          rootLogger.level: INFO
      resources:
        requests:
          memory: 512Mi
          cpu: "1"
        limits:
          memory: 512Mi
          cpu: "1"
  kafkaExporter: # (31)
    # ...
  cruiseControl: # (32)
    # ...

  1. The number of replica nodes.

  2. Kafka version, which can be changed to a supported version by following the upgrade procedure.

  3. Kafka loggers and log levels added directly (inline) or indirectly (external) through a ConfigMap. A custom Log4j configuration must be placed under the log4j.properties key in the ConfigMap. For the Kafka kafka.root.logger.level logger, you can set the log level to INFO, ERROR, WARN, TRACE, DEBUG, FATAL or OFF.

  4. Requests for reservation of supported resources, currently cpu and memory, and limits to specify the maximum resources that can be consumed.

  5. Healthchecks to know when to restart a container (liveness) and when a container can accept traffic (readiness).

  6. JVM configuration options to optimize performance for the Virtual Machine (VM) running Kafka.

  7. ADVANCED OPTION: Container image configuration, which is recommended only in special situations.

  8. Listeners configure how clients connect to the Kafka cluster via bootstrap addresses. Listeners are configured as internal or external listeners for connection from inside or outside the Kubernetes cluster.

  9. Name to identify the listener. Must be unique within the Kafka cluster.

  10. Port number used by the listener inside Kafka. The port number has to be unique within a given Kafka cluster. Allowed port numbers are 9092 and higher with the exception of ports 9404 and 9999, which are already used for Prometheus and JMX. Depending on the listener type, the port number might not be the same as the port number that connects Kafka clients.

  11. Listener type specified as internal or cluster-ip (to expose Kafka using per-broker ClusterIP services), or for external listeners, as route (OpenShift only), loadbalancer, nodeport or ingress (Kubernetes only).

  12. Enables TLS encryption for each listener. Default is false. TLS encryption has to be enabled, by setting it to true, for route and ingress type listeners.

  13. Defines whether the fully-qualified DNS names including the cluster service suffix (usually .cluster.local) are assigned.

  14. Listener authentication mechanism specified as mTLS, SCRAM-SHA-512, or token-based OAuth 2.0.

  15. External listener configuration specifies how the Kafka cluster is exposed outside Kubernetes, such as through a route, loadbalancer or nodeport.

  16. Optional configuration for a Kafka listener certificate managed by an external CA (certificate authority). The brokerCertChainAndKey specifies a Secret that contains a server certificate and a private key. You can configure Kafka listener certificates on any listener with enabled TLS encryption.

  17. Authorization enables simple, OAUTH 2.0, or OPA authorization on the Kafka broker. Simple authorization uses the AclAuthorizer Kafka plugin.

  18. Broker configuration. Standard Apache Kafka configuration may be provided, restricted to those properties not managed directly by Strimzi.

  19. Storage size for persistent volumes may be increased and additional volumes may be added to JBOD storage.

  20. Persistent storage has additional configuration options, such as a storage id and class for dynamic volume provisioning.

  21. Rack awareness configuration to spread replicas across different racks, data centers, or availability zones. The topologyKey must match a node label containing the rack ID. The example used in this configuration specifies a zone using the standard topology.kubernetes.io/zone label.

  22. Prometheus metrics enabled. In this example, metrics are configured for the Prometheus JMX Exporter (the default metrics exporter).

  23. Rules for exporting metrics in Prometheus format to a Grafana dashboard through the Prometheus JMX Exporter, which are enabled by referencing a ConfigMap containing configuration for the Prometheus JMX exporter. You can enable metrics without further configuration using a reference to a ConfigMap containing an empty file under metricsConfig.valueFrom.configMapKeyRef.key.

  24. ZooKeeper-specific configuration, which contains properties similar to the Kafka configuration.

  25. The number of ZooKeeper nodes. ZooKeeper clusters or ensembles usually run with an odd number of nodes, typically three, five, or seven. The majority of nodes must be available in order to maintain an effective quorum. If the ZooKeeper cluster loses its quorum, it will stop responding to clients and the Kafka brokers will stop working. Having a stable and highly available ZooKeeper cluster is crucial for Strimzi.

  26. ZooKeeper loggers and log levels.

  27. Entity Operator configuration, which specifies the configuration for the Topic Operator and User Operator.

  28. Entity Operator TLS sidecar configuration. Entity Operator uses the TLS sidecar for secure communication with ZooKeeper.

  29. Specified Topic Operator loggers and log levels. This example uses inline logging.

  30. Specified User Operator loggers and log levels.

  31. Kafka Exporter configuration. Kafka Exporter is an optional component for extracting metrics data from Kafka brokers, in particular consumer lag data. For Kafka Exporter to be able to work properly, consumer groups need to be in use.

  32. Optional configuration for Cruise Control, which is used to rebalance the Kafka cluster.

8.2.1. Setting limits on brokers using the Kafka Static Quota plugin

Use the Kafka Static Quota plugin to set throughput and storage limits on brokers in your Kafka cluster. You enable the plugin and set limits by configuring the Kafka resource. You can set a byte-rate threshold and storage quotas to put limits on the clients interacting with your brokers.

You can set byte-rate thresholds for producer and consumer bandwidth. The total limit is distributed across all clients accessing the broker. For example, you can set a byte-rate threshold of 40 MBps for producers. If two producers are running, they are each limited to a throughput of 20 MBps.

Storage quotas throttle Kafka disk storage limits between a soft limit and hard limit. The limits apply to all available disk space. Producers are slowed gradually between the soft and hard limit. The limits prevent disks filling up too quickly and exceeding their capacity. Full disks can lead to issues that are hard to rectify. The hard limit is the maximum storage limit.

Note
 For JBOD storage, the limit applies across all disks. If a broker is using two 1 TB disks and the quota is 1.1 TB, one disk might fill and the other disk will be almost empty.
Prerequisites

  • The Cluster Operator that manages the Kafka cluster is running.

Procedure

  1. Add the plugin properties to the config of the Kafka resource.

    The plugin properties are shown in this example configuration.

    Example Kafka Static Quota plugin configuration
    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  name: my-cluster
spec:
  kafka:
    # ...
    config:
      client.quota.callback.class: io.strimzi.kafka.quotas.StaticQuotaCallback (1)
      client.quota.callback.static.produce: 1000000 (2)
      client.quota.callback.static.fetch: 1000000 (3)
      client.quota.callback.static.storage.soft: 400000000000 (4)
      client.quota.callback.static.storage.hard: 500000000000 (5)
      client.quota.callback.static.storage.check-interval: 5 (6)

    1. Loads the Kafka Static Quota plugin.

    2. Sets the producer byte-rate threshold. 1 MBps in this example.

    3. Sets the consumer byte-rate threshold. 1 MBps in this example.

    4. Sets the lower soft limit for storage. 400 GB in this example.

    5. Sets the higher hard limit for storage. 500 GB in this example.

    6. Sets the interval in seconds between checks on storage. 5 seconds in this example. You can set this to 0 to disable the check.

  2. Update the resource.

    kubectl apply -f <kafka_configuration_file>
Additional resources

8.2.2. Default ZooKeeper configuration values

When deploying ZooKeeper with Strimzi, some of the default configuration set by Strimzi differs from the standard ZooKeeper defaults. This is because Strimzi sets a number of ZooKeeper properties with values that are optimized for running ZooKeeper within a Kubernetes environment.

The default configuration for key ZooKeeper properties in Strimzi is as follows:

Table 3. Default ZooKeeper Properties in Strimzi
Property Default value Description

tickTime

2000

The length of a single tick in milliseconds, which determines the length of a session timeout.

initLimit

5

The maximum number of ticks that a follower is allowed to fall behind the leader in a ZooKeeper cluster.

syncLimit

2

The maximum number of ticks that a follower is allowed to be out of sync with the leader in a ZooKeeper cluster.

autopurge.purgeInterval

1

Enables the autopurge feature and sets the time interval in hours for purging the server-side ZooKeeper transaction log.

admin.enableServer

false

Flag to disable the ZooKeeper admin server. The admin server is not used by Strimzi.
Important
 Modifying these default values as zookeeper.config in the Kafka custom resource may impact the behavior and performance of your ZooKeeper cluster.

8.3. (Preview) Configuring node pools

Update the spec properties of the KafkaNodePool custom resource to configure a node pool deployment.

Note
 The node pools feature is available as a preview. Node pools are not enabled by default, so you must enable the KafkaNodePools feature gate before using them.

A node pool refers to a distinct group of Kafka nodes within a Kafka cluster. Each pool has its own unique configuration, which includes mandatory settings for the number of replicas, roles, and storage allocation.

Optionally, you can also specify values for the following properties:

  • resources to specify memory and cpu requests and limits

  • template to specify custom configuration for pods and other Kubernetes resources

  • jvmOptions to specify custom JVM configuration for heap size, runtime and other options

The Kafka resource represents the configuration for all nodes in the Kafka cluster. The KafkaNodePool resource represents the configuration for nodes only in the node pool. If a configuration property is not specified in KafkaNodePool, it is inherited from the Kafka resource. Configuration specified in the KafkaNodePool resource takes precedence if set in both resources. For example, if both the node pool and Kafka configuration includes jvmOptions, the values specified in the node pool configuration are used. When -Xmx: 1024m is set in KafkaNodePool.spec.jvmOptions and -Xms: 512m is set in Kafka.spec.kafka.jvmOptions, the node uses the value from its node pool configuration.

Properties from Kafka and KafkaNodePool schemas are not combined. To clarify, if KafkaNodePool.spec.template includes only podSet.metadata.labels, and Kafka.spec.kafka.template includes podSet.metadata.annotations and pod.metadata.labels, the template values from the Kafka configuration are ignored since there is a template value in the node pool configuration.

Node pools can be used with Kafka clusters that operate in KRaft mode (using Kafka Raft metadata) or use ZooKeeper for cluster management. If you are using KRaft mode, you can specify roles for all nodes in the node pool to operate as brokers, controllers, or both. If you are using ZooKeeper, nodes must be set as brokers only.

Important
 KRaft mode is not ready for production in Apache Kafka or in Strimzi.

For a deeper understanding of the node pool configuration options, refer to the Strimzi Custom Resource API Reference.

Note
 While the KafkaNodePools feature gate that enables node pools is in alpha phase, replica and storage configuration properties in the KafkaNodePool resource must also be present in the Kafka resource. The configuration in the Kafka resource is ignored when node pools are used. Similarly, ZooKeeper configuration properties must also be present in the Kafka resource when using KRaft mode. These properties are also ignored.
Example configuration for a node pool in a cluster using ZooKeeper
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaNodePool
metadata:
  name: pool-a # (1)
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster # (2)
spec:
  replicas: 3 # (3)
  roles:
    - broker # (4)
  storage: # (5)
    type: jbod
    volumes:
      - id: 0
        type: persistent-claim
        size: 100Gi
        deleteClaim: false
  resources: # (6)
      requests:
        memory: 64Gi
        cpu: "8"
      limits:
        memory: 64Gi
        cpu: "12"

  1. Unique name for the node pool.

  2. The Kafka cluster the node pool belongs to. A node pool can only belong to a single cluster.

  3. Number of replicas for the nodes.

  4. Roles for the nodes in the node pool, which can only be broker when using Kafka with ZooKeeper.

  5. Storage specification for the nodes.

  6. Requests for reservation of supported resources, currently cpu and memory, and limits to specify the maximum resources that can be consumed.

Example configuration for a node pool in a cluster using KRaft mode
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaNodePool
metadata:
  name: kraft-dual-role
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster
spec:
  replicas: 3
  roles: # (1)
    - controller
    - broker
  storage:
    type: jbod
    volumes:
      - id: 0
        type: persistent-claim
        size: 20Gi
        deleteClaim: false
  resources:
      requests:
        memory: 64Gi
        cpu: "8"
      limits:
        memory: 64Gi
        cpu: "12"

  1. Roles for the nodes in the node pool. In this example, the nodes have dual roles as controllers and brokers.

Note
 The configuration for the Kafka resource must be suitable for KRaft mode. Currently, KRaft mode has a number of limitations.

8.3.1. (Preview) Assigning IDs to node pools for scaling operations

This procedure describes how to use annotations for advanced node ID handling by the Cluster Operator when performing scaling operations on node pools. You specify the node IDs to use, rather than the Cluster Operator using the next ID in sequence. Management of node IDs in this way gives greater control.

To add a range of IDs, you assign the following annotations to the KafkaNodePool resource:

  • strimzi.io/next-node-ids to add a range of IDs that are used for new brokers

  • strimzi.io/remove-node-ids to add a range of IDs for removing existing brokers

You can specify an array of individual node IDs, ID ranges, or a combination of both. For example, you can specify the following range of IDs: [0, 1, 2, 10-20, 30] for scaling up the Kafka node pool. This format allows you to specify a combination of individual node IDs (0, 1, 2, 30) as well as a range of IDs (10-20).

In a typical scenario, you might specify a range of IDs for scaling up and a single node ID to remove a specific node when scaling down.

In this procedure, we add the scaling annotations to node pools as follows:

  • pool-a is assigned a range of IDs for scaling up

  • pool-b is assigned a range of IDs for scaling down

During the scaling operation, IDs are used as follows:

  • Scale up picks up the lowest available ID in the range for the new node.

  • Scale down removes the node with the highest available ID in the range.

If there are gaps in the sequence of node IDs assigned in the node pool, the next node to be added is assigned an ID that fills the gap.

The annotations don’t need to be updated after every scaling operation. Any unused IDs are still valid for the next scaling event.

The Cluster Operator allows you to specify a range of IDs in either ascending or descending order, so you can define them in the order the nodes are scaled. For example, when scaling up, you can specify a range such as [1000-1999], and the new nodes are assigned the next lowest IDs: 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, and so on. Conversely, when scaling down, you can specify a range like [1999-1000], ensuring that nodes with the next highest IDs are removed: 1003, 1002, 1001, 1000, and so on.

If you don’t specify an ID range using the annotations, the Cluster Operator follows its default behavior for handling IDs during scaling operations. Node IDs start at 0 (zero) and run sequentially across the Kafka cluster. The next lowest ID is assigned to a new node. Gaps to node IDs are filled across the cluster. This means that they might not run sequentially within a node pool. The default behavior for scaling up is to add the next lowest available node ID across the cluster; and for scaling down, it is to remove the node in the node pool with the highest available node ID. The default approach is also applied if the assigned range of IDs is misformatted, the scaling up range runs out of IDs, or the scaling down range does not apply to any in-use nodes.

Prerequisites
Procedure

  1. Annotate the node pool with the IDs to use when scaling up or scaling down, as shown in the following examples.

    IDs for scaling up are assigned to node pool pool-a:

    Assigning IDs for scaling up
    kubectl annotate kafkanodepool pool-a strimzi.io/next-node-ids="[0,1,2,10-20,30]"

    The lowest available ID from this range is used when adding a node to pool-a.

    IDs for scaling down are assigned to node pool pool-b:

    Assigning IDs for scaling down
    kubectl annotate kafkanodepool pool-b strimzi.io/remove-node-ids="[60-50,9,8,7]"

    The highest available ID from this range is removed when scaling down pool-b.

  2. You can now scale the node pool.

    For more information, see the following:

    On reconciliation, a warning is given if the annotations are misformatted.

8.3.2. (Preview) Adding nodes to a node pool

This procedure describes how to scale up a node pool to add new nodes.

In this procedure, we start with three nodes for node pool pool-a:

Kafka nodes in the node pool
NAME                       READY  STATUS   RESTARTS
my-cluster-pool-a-kafka-0  1/1    Running  0
my-cluster-pool-a-kafka-1  1/1    Running  0
my-cluster-pool-a-kafka-2  1/1    Running  0

Node IDs are appended to the name of the node on creation. We add node my-cluster-pool-a-kafka-3, which has a node ID of 3.

Note
 During this process, the ID of the node that holds the partition replicas changes. Consider any dependencies that reference the node ID.
Prerequisites
Procedure

  1. Create a new node in the node pool.

    For example, node pool pool-a has three replicas. We add a node by increasing the number of replicas:

    kubectl scale kafkanodepool pool-a --replicas=4

  2. Check the status of the deployment and wait for the pods in the node pool to be created and have a status of READY.

    kubectl get pods -n <my_cluster_operator_namespace>
    Output shows four Kafka nodes in the node pool
    NAME                       READY  STATUS   RESTARTS
my-cluster-pool-a-kafka-0  1/1    Running  0
my-cluster-pool-a-kafka-1  1/1    Running  0
my-cluster-pool-a-kafka-2  1/1    Running  0
my-cluster-pool-a-kafka-3  1/1    Running  0

  3. Reassign the partitions after increasing the number of nodes in the node pool.

    After scaling up a node pool, you can use the Cruise Control add-brokers mode to move partition replicas from existing brokers to the newly added brokers.

8.3.3. (Preview) Removing nodes from a node pool

This procedure describes how to scale down a node pool to remove nodes.

In this procedure, we start with four nodes for node pool pool-a:

Kafka nodes in the node pool
NAME                       READY  STATUS   RESTARTS
my-cluster-pool-a-kafka-0  1/1    Running  0
my-cluster-pool-a-kafka-1  1/1    Running  0
my-cluster-pool-a-kafka-2  1/1    Running  0
my-cluster-pool-a-kafka-3  1/1    Running  0

Node IDs are appended to the name of the node on creation. We remove node my-cluster-pool-a-kafka-3, which has a node ID of 3.

Note
 During this process, the ID of the node that holds the partition replicas changes. Consider any dependencies that reference the node ID.
Prerequisites
Procedure

  1. Reassign the partitions before decreasing the number of nodes in the node pool.

    Before scaling down a node pool, you can use the Cruise Control remove-brokers mode to move partition replicas off the brokers that are going to be removed.

  2. After the reassignment process is complete, and the node being removed has no live partitions, reduce the number of Kafka nodes in the node pool.

    For example, node pool pool-a has four replicas. We remove a node by decreasing the number of replicas:

    kubectl scale kafkanodepool pool-a --replicas=3
    Output shows three Kafka nodes in the node pool
    NAME                        READY   STATUS    RESTARTS
my-cluster-pool-b-kafka-0   1/1     Running   0
my-cluster-pool-b-kafka-1   1/1     Running   0
my-cluster-pool-b-kafka-2   1/1     Running   0

8.3.4. (Preview) Moving nodes between node pools

This procedure describes how to move nodes between source and target Kafka node pools without downtime. You create a new node on the target node pool and reassign partitions to move data from the old node on the source node pool. When the replicas on the new node are in-sync, you can delete the old node.

In this procedure, we start with two node pools:

  • pool-a with three replicas is the target node pool

  • pool-b with four replicas is the source node pool

We scale up pool-a, and reassign partitions and scale down pool-b, which results in the following:

  • pool-a with four replicas

  • pool-b with three replicas

Note
 During this process, the ID of the node that holds the partition replicas changes. Consider any dependencies that reference the node ID.
Prerequisites

  • The Cluster Operator must be deployed.

  • (Optional) For scale up and scale down operations, you can specify the range of node IDs to use.

    If you have assigned node IDs for the operation, the ID of the node being added or removed is determined by the sequence of nodes given. Otherwise, the lowest available node ID across the cluster is used when adding nodes; and the node with the highest available ID in the node pool is removed.

Procedure

  1. Create a new node in the target node pool.

    For example, node pool pool-a has three replicas. We add a node by increasing the number of replicas:

    kubectl scale kafkanodepool pool-a --replicas=4

  2. Check the status of the deployment and wait for the pods in the node pool to be created and have a status of READY.

    kubectl get pods -n <my_cluster_operator_namespace>
    Output shows four Kafka nodes in the target node pool
    NAME                       READY  STATUS   RESTARTS
my-cluster-pool-a-kafka-0  1/1    Running  0
my-cluster-pool-a-kafka-1  1/1    Running  0
my-cluster-pool-a-kafka-4  1/1    Running  0
my-cluster-pool-a-kafka-5  1/1    Running  0

    Node IDs are appended to the name of the node on creation. We add node my-cluster-pool-a-kafka-5, which has a node ID of 5.

  3. Reassign the partitions from the old node to the new node.

    Before scaling down the source node pool, you can use the Cruise Control remove-brokers mode to move partition replicas off the brokers that are going to be removed.

  4. After the reassignment process is complete, reduce the number of Kafka nodes in the source node pool.

    For example, node pool pool-b has four replicas. We remove a node by decreasing the number of replicas:

    kubectl scale kafkanodepool pool-b --replicas=3

    The node with the highest ID within a pool is removed.

    Output shows three Kafka nodes in the source node pool
    NAME                       READY  STATUS   RESTARTS
my-cluster-pool-b-kafka-2  1/1    Running  0
my-cluster-pool-b-kafka-3  1/1    Running  0
my-cluster-pool-b-kafka-6  1/1    Running  0

8.3.5. (Preview) Migrating existing Kafka clusters to use Kafka node pools

This procedure describes how to migrate existing Kafka clusters to use Kafka node pools. After you have updated the Kafka cluster, you can use the node pools to manage the configuration of nodes within each pool.

Note
 While the KafkaNodePools feature gate that enables node pools is in alpha phase, replica and storage configuration in the KafkaNodePool resource must also be present in the Kafka resource. The configuration is ignored when node pools are being used.
Prerequisites
Procedure

  1. Create a new KafkaNodePool resource.

    1. Name the resource kafka.

    2. Point a strimzi.io/cluster label to your existing Kafka resource.

    3. Set the replica count and storage configuration to match your current Kafka cluster.

    4. Set the roles to broker.

    Example configuration for a node pool used in migrating a Kafka cluster
    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaNodePool
metadata:
  name: kafka
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster
spec:
  replicas: 3
  roles:
    - broker
  storage:
    type: jbod
    volumes:
      - id: 0
        type: persistent-claim
        size: 100Gi
        deleteClaim: false

  2. Apply the KafkaNodePool resource:

    kubectl apply -f <node_pool_configuration_file>

    By applying this resource, you switch Kafka to using node pools.

    There is no change or rolling update and resources are identical to how they were before.

  3. Update the STRIMZI_FEATURE_GATES environment variable in the Cluster Operator configuration to include +KafkaNodePools.

    env:
  - name: STRIMZI_FEATURE_GATES
    value: +KafkaNodePools

  4. Enable the KafkaNodePools feature gate in the Kafka resource using the strimzi.io/node-pools: enabled annotation.

    Example configuration for a node pool in a cluster using ZooKeeper
    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  name: my-cluster
  annotations:
    strimzi.io/node-pools: enabled
spec:
  kafka:
    version: 3.5.0
    replicas: 3
  # ...
  storage:
      type: jbod
      volumes:
      - id: 0
        type: persistent-claim
        size: 100Gi
        deleteClaim: false

  5. Apply the Kafka resource:

    kubectl apply -f <kafka_configuration_file>

8.4. Configuring the Entity Operator

Use the entityOperator property in Kafka.spec to configure the Entity Operator. The Entity Operator is responsible for managing Kafka-related entities in a running Kafka cluster. It comprises the following operators:

  • Topic Operator to manage Kafka topics

  • User Operator to manage Kafka users

By configuring the Kafka resource, the Cluster Operator can deploy the Entity Operator, including one or both operators. Once deployed, the operators are automatically configured to handle the topics and users of the Kafka cluster.

Each operator can only monitor a single namespace. For more information, see Watching namespaces with Strimzi operators.

The entityOperator property supports several sub-properties:

  • tlsSidecar

  • topicOperator

  • userOperator

  • template

The tlsSidecar property contains the configuration of the TLS sidecar container, which is used to communicate with ZooKeeper.

The template property contains the configuration of the Entity Operator pod, such as labels, annotations, affinity, and tolerations. For more information on configuring templates, see Customizing Kubernetes resources.

The topicOperator property contains the configuration of the Topic Operator. When this option is missing, the Entity Operator is deployed without the Topic Operator.

The userOperator property contains the configuration of the User Operator. When this option is missing, the Entity Operator is deployed without the User Operator.

For more information on the properties used to configure the Entity Operator, see the EntityUserOperatorSpec schema reference.

Example of basic configuration enabling both operators
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  name: my-cluster
spec:
  kafka:
    # ...
  zookeeper:
    # ...
  entityOperator:
    topicOperator: {}
    userOperator: {}

If an empty object ({}) is used for the topicOperator and userOperator, all properties use their default values.

When both topicOperator and userOperator properties are missing, the Entity Operator is not deployed.

8.4.1. Configuring the Topic Operator

Use topicOperator properties in Kafka.spec.entityOperator to configure the Topic Operator.

Note
 If you are using the preview of unidirectional topic management, the following properties are not used and will be ignored: Kafka.spec.entityOperator.topicOperator.zookeeperSessionTimeoutSeconds and Kafka.spec.entityOperator.topicOperator.topicMetadataMaxAttempts. For more information on unidirectional topic management, refer to Topic management modes.

The following properties are supported:

watchedNamespace

The Kubernetes namespace in which the Topic Operator watches for KafkaTopic resources. Default is the namespace where the Kafka cluster is deployed.

reconciliationIntervalSeconds

The interval between periodic reconciliations in seconds. Default 120.

zookeeperSessionTimeoutSeconds

The ZooKeeper session timeout in seconds. Default 18.

topicMetadataMaxAttempts

The number of attempts at getting topic metadata from Kafka. The time between each attempt is defined as an exponential back-off. Consider increasing this value when topic creation might take more time due to the number of partitions or replicas. Default 6.

image

The image property can be used to configure the container image which will be used. To learn more, refer to the information provided on configuring the image property`.

resources

The resources property configures the amount of resources allocated to the Topic Operator. To learn more, refer to the information provided on setting appropriate requests and limits.

logging

The logging property configures the logging of the Topic Operator. To learn more, refer to the information provided on Topic Operator logging.

Example Topic Operator configuration
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  name: my-cluster
spec:
  kafka:
    # ...
  zookeeper:
    # ...
  entityOperator:
    # ...
    topicOperator:
      watchedNamespace: my-topic-namespace
      reconciliationIntervalSeconds: 60
    # ...

8.4.2. Configuring the User Operator

Use userOperator properties in Kafka.spec.entityOperator to configure the User Operator. The following properties are supported:

watchedNamespace

The Kubernetes namespace in which the User Operator watches for KafkaUser resources. Default is the namespace where the Kafka cluster is deployed.

reconciliationIntervalSeconds

The interval between periodic reconciliations in seconds. Default 120.

image

The image property can be used to configure the container image which will be used. To learn more, refer to the information provided on configuring the image property`.

resources

The resources property configures the amount of resources allocated to the User Operator. To learn more, refer to the information provided on setting appropriate requests and limits.

logging

The logging property configures the logging of the User Operator. To learn more, refer to the information provided on User Operator logging.

secretPrefix

The secretPrefix property adds a prefix to the name of all Secrets created from the KafkaUser resource. For example, secretPrefix: kafka- would prefix all Secret names with kafka-. So a KafkaUser named my-user would create a Secret named kafka-my-user.

Example User Operator configuration
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  name: my-cluster
spec:
  kafka:
    # ...
  zookeeper:
    # ...
  entityOperator:
    # ...
    userOperator:
      watchedNamespace: my-user-namespace
      reconciliationIntervalSeconds: 60
    # ...

8.5. Configuring Kafka Connect

Update the spec properties of the KafkaConnect custom resource to configure your Kafka Connect deployment.

Use Kafka Connect to set up external data connections to your Kafka cluster. Use the properties of the KafkaConnect resource to configure your Kafka Connect deployment.

For a deeper understanding of the Kafka Connect cluster configuration options, refer to the Strimzi Custom Resource API Reference.

KafkaConnector configuration

KafkaConnector resources allow you to create and manage connector instances for Kafka Connect in a Kubernetes-native way.

In your Kafka Connect configuration, you enable KafkaConnectors for a Kafka Connect cluster by adding the strimzi.io/use-connector-resources annotation. You can also add a build configuration so that Strimzi automatically builds a container image with the connector plugins you require for your data connections. External configuration for Kafka Connect connectors is specified through the externalConfiguration property.

To manage connectors, you can use use KafkaConnector custom resources or the Kafka Connect REST API. KafkaConnector resources must be deployed to the same namespace as the Kafka Connect cluster they link to. For more information on using these methods to create, reconfigure, or delete connectors, see Adding connectors.

Connector configuration is passed to Kafka Connect as part of an HTTP request and stored within Kafka itself. ConfigMaps and Secrets are standard Kubernetes resources used for storing configurations and confidential data. You can use ConfigMaps and Secrets to configure certain elements of a connector. You can then reference the configuration values in HTTP REST commands, which keeps the configuration separate and more secure, if needed. This method applies especially to confidential data, such as usernames, passwords, or certificates.

Handling high volumes of messages

You can tune the configuration to handle high volumes of messages. For more information, see Handling high volumes of messages.

Example KafkaConnect custom resource configuration
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaConnect # (1)
metadata:
  name: my-connect-cluster
  annotations:
    strimzi.io/use-connector-resources: "true" # (2)
spec:
  replicas: 3 # (3)
  authentication: # (4)
    type: tls
    certificateAndKey:
      certificate: source.crt
      key: source.key
      secretName: my-user-source
  bootstrapServers: my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9092 # (5)
  tls: # (6)
    trustedCertificates:
      - secretName: my-cluster-cluster-cert
        certificate: ca.crt
      - secretName: my-cluster-cluster-cert
        certificate: ca2.crt
  config: # (7)
    group.id: my-connect-cluster
    offset.storage.topic: my-connect-cluster-offsets
    config.storage.topic: my-connect-cluster-configs
    status.storage.topic: my-connect-cluster-status
    key.converter: org.apache.kafka.connect.json.JsonConverter
    value.converter: org.apache.kafka.connect.json.JsonConverter
    key.converter.schemas.enable: true
    value.converter.schemas.enable: true
    config.storage.replication.factor: 3
    offset.storage.replication.factor: 3
    status.storage.replication.factor: 3
  build: # (8)
    output: # (9)
      type: docker
      image: my-registry.io/my-org/my-connect-cluster:latest
      pushSecret: my-registry-credentials
    plugins: # (10)
      - name: debezium-postgres-connector
        artifacts:
          - type: tgz
            url: https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/io/debezium/debezium-connector-postgres/2.1.3.Final/debezium-connector-postgres-2.1.3.Final-plugin.tar.gz
            sha512sum: c4ddc97846de561755dc0b021a62aba656098829c70eb3ade3b817ce06d852ca12ae50c0281cc791a5a131cb7fc21fb15f4b8ee76c6cae5dd07f9c11cb7c6e79
      - name: camel-telegram
        artifacts:
          - type: tgz
            url: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/camel/kafkaconnector/camel-telegram-kafka-connector/0.11.5/camel-telegram-kafka-connector-0.11.5-package.tar.gz
            sha512sum: d6d9f45e0d1dbfcc9f6d1c7ca2046168c764389c78bc4b867dab32d24f710bb74ccf2a007d7d7a8af2dfca09d9a52ccbc2831fc715c195a3634cca055185bd91
  externalConfiguration: # (11)
    env:
      - name: AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID
        valueFrom:
          secretKeyRef:
            name: aws-creds
            key: awsAccessKey
      - name: AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY
        valueFrom:
          secretKeyRef:
            name: aws-creds
            key: awsSecretAccessKey
  resources: # (12)
    requests:
      cpu: "1"
      memory: 2Gi
    limits:
      cpu: "2"
      memory: 2Gi
  logging: # (13)
    type: inline
    loggers:
      log4j.rootLogger: INFO
  readinessProbe: # (14)
    initialDelaySeconds: 15
    timeoutSeconds: 5
  livenessProbe:
    initialDelaySeconds: 15
    timeoutSeconds: 5
  metricsConfig: # (15)
    type: jmxPrometheusExporter
    valueFrom:
      configMapKeyRef:
        name: my-config-map
        key: my-key
  jvmOptions: # (16)
    "-Xmx": "1g"
    "-Xms": "1g"
  image: my-org/my-image:latest # (17)
  rack:
    topologyKey: topology.kubernetes.io/zone # (18)
  template: # (19)
    pod:
      affinity:
        podAntiAffinity:
          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            - labelSelector:
                matchExpressions:
                  - key: application
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - postgresql
                      - mongodb
              topologyKey: "kubernetes.io/hostname"
    connectContainer: # (20)
      env:
        - name: OTEL_SERVICE_NAME
          value: my-otel-service
        - name: OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT
          value: "http://otlp-host:4317"
  tracing:
    type: opentelemetry # (21)

  1. Use KafkaConnect.

  2. Enables KafkaConnectors for the Kafka Connect cluster.

  3. The number of replica nodes for the workers that run tasks.

  4. Authentication for the Kafka Connect cluster, specified as mTLS, token-based OAuth, SASL-based SCRAM-SHA-256/SCRAM-SHA-512, or PLAIN. By default, Kafka Connect connects to Kafka brokers using a plain text connection.

  5. Bootstrap server for connection to the Kafka cluster.

  6. TLS encryption with key names under which TLS certificates are stored in X.509 format for the cluster. If certificates are stored in the same secret, it can be listed multiple times.

  7. Kafka Connect configuration of workers (not connectors). Standard Apache Kafka configuration may be provided, restricted to those properties not managed directly by Strimzi.

  8. Build configuration properties for building a container image with connector plugins automatically.

  9. (Required) Configuration of the container registry where new images are pushed.

  10. (Required) List of connector plugins and their artifacts to add to the new container image. Each plugin must be configured with at least one artifact.

  11. External configuration for connectors using environment variables, as shown here, or volumes. You can also use configuration provider plugins to load configuration values from external sources.

  12. Requests for reservation of supported resources, currently cpu and memory, and limits to specify the maximum resources that can be consumed.

  13. Specified Kafka Connect loggers and log levels added directly (inline) or indirectly (external) through a ConfigMap. A custom Log4j configuration must be placed under the log4j.properties or log4j2.properties key in the ConfigMap. For the Kafka Connect log4j.rootLogger logger, you can set the log level to INFO, ERROR, WARN, TRACE, DEBUG, FATAL or OFF.

  14. Healthchecks to know when to restart a container (liveness) and when a container can accept traffic (readiness).

  15. Prometheus metrics, which are enabled by referencing a ConfigMap containing configuration for the Prometheus JMX exporter in this example. You can enable metrics without further configuration using a reference to a ConfigMap containing an empty file under metricsConfig.valueFrom.configMapKeyRef.key.

  16. JVM configuration options to optimize performance for the Virtual Machine (VM) running Kafka Connect.

  17. ADVANCED OPTION: Container image configuration, which is recommended only in special situations.

  18. SPECIALIZED OPTION: Rack awareness configuration for the deployment. This is a specialized option intended for a deployment within the same location, not across regions. Use this option if you want connectors to consume from the closest replica rather than the leader replica. In certain cases, consuming from the closest replica can improve network utilization or reduce costs . The topologyKey must match a node label containing the rack ID. The example used in this configuration specifies a zone using the standard topology.kubernetes.io/zone label. To consume from the closest replica, enable the RackAwareReplicaSelector in the Kafka broker configuration.

  19. Template customization. Here a pod is scheduled with anti-affinity, so the pod is not scheduled on nodes with the same hostname.

  20. Environment variables are set for distributed tracing.

  21. Distributed tracing is enabled by using OpenTelemetry.

8.5.1. Configuring Kafka Connect user authorization

This procedure describes how to authorize user access to Kafka Connect.

When any type of authorization is being used in Kafka, a Kafka Connect user requires read/write access rights to the consumer group and the internal topics of Kafka Connect.

The properties for the consumer group and internal topics are automatically configured by Strimzi, or they can be specified explicitly in the spec of the KafkaConnect resource.

Example configuration properties in the KafkaConnect resource
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaConnect
metadata:
  name: my-connect
spec:
  # ...
  config:
    group.id: my-connect-cluster (1)
    offset.storage.topic: my-connect-cluster-offsets (2)
    config.storage.topic: my-connect-cluster-configs (3)
    status.storage.topic: my-connect-cluster-status (4)
    # ...
  # ...

  1. The Kafka Connect cluster ID within Kafka.

  2. Kafka topic that stores connector offsets.

  3. Kafka topic that stores connector and task status configurations.

  4. Kafka topic that stores connector and task status updates.

This procedure shows how access is provided when simple authorization is being used.

Simple authorization uses ACL rules, handled by the Kafka AclAuthorizer plugin, to provide the right level of access. For more information on configuring a KafkaUser resource to use simple authorization, see the AclRule schema reference.

Note
 The default values for the consumer group and topics will differ when running multiple instances.
Prerequisites

  • A Kubernetes cluster

  • A running Cluster Operator

Procedure

  1. Edit the authorization property in the KafkaUser resource to provide access rights to the user.

    In the following example, access rights are configured for the Kafka Connect topics and consumer group using literal name values:

    Property Name

    offset.storage.topic

    connect-cluster-offsets

    status.storage.topic

    connect-cluster-status

    config.storage.topic

    connect-cluster-configs

    group

    connect-cluster

    		 
    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaUser
metadata:
  name: my-user
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster
spec:
  # ...
  authorization:
    type: simple
    acls:
      # access to offset.storage.topic
      - resource:
          type: topic
          name: connect-cluster-offsets
          patternType: literal
        operations:
          - Create
          - Describe
          - Read
          - Write
        host: "*"
      # access to status.storage.topic
      - resource:
          type: topic
          name: connect-cluster-status
          patternType: literal
        operations:
          - Create
          - Describe
          - Read
          - Write
        host: "*"
      # access to config.storage.topic
      - resource:
          type: topic
          name: connect-cluster-configs
          patternType: literal
        operations:
          - Create
          - Describe
          - Read
          - Write
        host: "*"
      # consumer group
      - resource:
          type: group
          name: connect-cluster
          patternType: literal
        operations:
          - Read
        host: "*"

  2. Create or update the resource.

    kubectl apply -f KAFKA-USER-CONFIG-FILE

8.6. Configuring Kafka MirrorMaker 2

Update the spec properties of the KafkaMirrorMaker2 custom resource to configure your MirrorMaker 2 deployment. MirrorMaker 2 uses source cluster configuration for data consumption and target cluster configuration for data output.

MirrorMaker 2 is based on the Kafka Connect framework, connectors managing the transfer of data between clusters.

You configure MirrorMaker 2 to define the Kafka Connect deployment, including the connection details of the source and target clusters, and then run a set of MirrorMaker 2 connectors to make the connection.

MirrorMaker 2 supports topic configuration synchronization between the source and target clusters. You specify source topics in the MirrorMaker 2 configuration. MirrorMaker 2 monitors the source topics. MirrorMaker 2 detects and propagates changes to the source topics to the remote topics. Changes might include automatically creating missing topics and partitions.

Note
 In most cases you write to local topics and read from remote topics. Though write operations are not prevented on remote topics, they should be avoided.

The configuration must specify:

  • Each Kafka cluster

  • Connection information for each cluster, including authentication

  • The replication flow and direction

    • Cluster to cluster

    • Topic to topic

For a deeper understanding of the Kafka MirrorMaker 2 cluster configuration options, refer to the Strimzi Custom Resource API Reference.

Note
 MirrorMaker 2 resource configuration differs from the previous version of MirrorMaker, which is now deprecated. There is currently no legacy support, so any resources must be manually converted into the new format.
Default configuration

MirrorMaker 2 provides default configuration values for properties such as replication factors. A minimal configuration, with defaults left unchanged, would be something like this example:

Minimal configuration for MirrorMaker 2
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaMirrorMaker2
metadata:
  name: my-mirror-maker2
spec:
  version: 3.5.0
  connectCluster: "my-cluster-target"
  clusters:
  - alias: "my-cluster-source"
    bootstrapServers: my-cluster-source-kafka-bootstrap:9092
  - alias: "my-cluster-target"
    bootstrapServers: my-cluster-target-kafka-bootstrap:9092
  mirrors:
  - sourceCluster: "my-cluster-source"
    targetCluster: "my-cluster-target"
    sourceConnector: {}

You can configure access control for source and target clusters using mTLS or SASL authentication. This procedure shows a configuration that uses TLS encryption and mTLS authentication for the source and target cluster.

You can specify the topics and consumer groups you wish to replicate from a source cluster in the KafkaMirrorMaker2 resource. You use the topicsPattern and groupsPattern properties to do this. You can provide a list of names or use a regular expression. By default, all topics and consumer groups are replicated if you do not set the topicsPattern and groupsPattern properties. You can also replicate all topics and consumer groups by using ".*" as a regular expression. However, try to specify only the topics and consumer groups you need to avoid causing any unnecessary extra load on the cluster.

Handling high volumes of messages

You can tune the configuration to handle high volumes of messages. For more information, see Handling high volumes of messages.

Example KafkaMirrorMaker2 custom resource configuration
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaMirrorMaker2
metadata:
  name: my-mirror-maker2
spec:
  version: 3.5.0 # (1)
  replicas: 3 # (2)
  connectCluster: "my-cluster-target" # (3)
  clusters: # (4)
  - alias: "my-cluster-source" # (5)
    authentication: # (6)
      certificateAndKey:
        certificate: source.crt
        key: source.key
        secretName: my-user-source
      type: tls
    bootstrapServers: my-cluster-source-kafka-bootstrap:9092 # (7)
    tls: # (8)
      trustedCertificates:
      - certificate: ca.crt
        secretName: my-cluster-source-cluster-ca-cert
  - alias: "my-cluster-target" # (9)
    authentication: # (10)
      certificateAndKey:
        certificate: target.crt
        key: target.key
        secretName: my-user-target
      type: tls
    bootstrapServers: my-cluster-target-kafka-bootstrap:9092 # (11)
    config: # (12)
      config.storage.replication.factor: 1
      offset.storage.replication.factor: 1
      status.storage.replication.factor: 1
    tls: # (13)
      trustedCertificates:
      - certificate: ca.crt
        secretName: my-cluster-target-cluster-ca-cert
  mirrors: # (14)
  - sourceCluster: "my-cluster-source" # (15)
    targetCluster: "my-cluster-target" # (16)
    sourceConnector: # (17)
      tasksMax: 10 # (18)
      autoRestart: # (19)
        enabled: true
      config:
        docs_mm2-connector-config
        replication.factor: 1 # (20)
        offset-syncs.topic.replication.factor: 1 # (21)
        sync.topic.acls.enabled: "false" # (22)
        refresh.topics.interval.seconds: 60 # (23)
        replication.policy.class: "org.apache.kafka.connect.mirror.IdentityReplicationPolicy" # (24)
    heartbeatConnector: # (25)
      autoRestart:
        enabled: true
      config:
        heartbeats.topic.replication.factor: 1 # (26)
        replication.policy.class: "org.apache.kafka.connect.mirror.IdentityReplicationPolicy"
    checkpointConnector: # (27)
      autoRestart:
        enabled: true
      config:
        checkpoints.topic.replication.factor: 1 # (28)
        refresh.groups.interval.seconds: 600 # (29)
        sync.group.offsets.enabled: true # (30)
        sync.group.offsets.interval.seconds: 60 # (31)
        emit.checkpoints.interval.seconds: 60 # (32)
        replication.policy.class: "org.apache.kafka.connect.mirror.IdentityReplicationPolicy"
    topicsPattern: "topic1|topic2|topic3" # (33)
    groupsPattern: "group1|group2|group3" # (34)
  resources: # (35)
    requests:
      cpu: "1"
      memory: 2Gi
    limits:
      cpu: "2"
      memory: 2Gi
  logging: # (36)
    type: inline
    loggers:
      connect.root.logger.level: INFO
  readinessProbe: # (37)
    initialDelaySeconds: 15
    timeoutSeconds: 5
  livenessProbe:
    initialDelaySeconds: 15
    timeoutSeconds: 5
  jvmOptions: # (38)
    "-Xmx": "1g"
    "-Xms": "1g"
  image: my-org/my-image:latest # (39)
  rack:
    topologyKey: topology.kubernetes.io/zone # (40)
  template: # (41)
    pod:
      affinity:
        podAntiAffinity:
          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            - labelSelector:
                matchExpressions:
                  - key: application
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - postgresql
                      - mongodb
              topologyKey: "kubernetes.io/hostname"
    connectContainer: # (42)
      env:
        - name: OTEL_SERVICE_NAME
          value: my-otel-service
        - name: OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT
          value: "http://otlp-host:4317"
  tracing:
    type: opentelemetry # (43)
  externalConfiguration: # (44)
    env:
      - name: AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID
        valueFrom:
          secretKeyRef:
            name: aws-creds
            key: awsAccessKey
      - name: AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY
        valueFrom:
          secretKeyRef:
            name: aws-creds
            key: awsSecretAccessKey

  1. The Kafka Connect and Mirror Maker 2.0 version, which will always be the same.

  2. The number of replica nodes for the workers that run tasks.

  3. Kafka cluster alias for Kafka Connect, which must specify the target Kafka cluster. The Kafka cluster is used by Kafka Connect for its internal topics.

  4. Specification for the Kafka clusters being synchronized.

  5. Cluster alias for the source Kafka cluster.

  6. Authentication for the source cluster, specified as mTLS, token-based OAuth, SASL-based SCRAM-SHA-256/SCRAM-SHA-512, or PLAIN.

  7. Bootstrap server for connection to the source Kafka cluster.

  8. TLS encryption with key names under which TLS certificates are stored in X.509 format for the source Kafka cluster. If certificates are stored in the same secret, it can be listed multiple times.

  9. Cluster alias for the target Kafka cluster.

  10. Authentication for the target Kafka cluster is configured in the same way as for the source Kafka cluster.

  11. Bootstrap server for connection to the target Kafka cluster.

  12. Kafka Connect configuration. Standard Apache Kafka configuration may be provided, restricted to those properties not managed directly by Strimzi.

  13. TLS encryption for the target Kafka cluster is configured in the same way as for the source Kafka cluster.

  14. MirrorMaker 2 connectors.

  15. Cluster alias for the source cluster used by the MirrorMaker 2 connectors.

  16. Cluster alias for the target cluster used by the MirrorMaker 2 connectors.

  17. Configuration for the MirrorSourceConnector that creates remote topics. The config overrides the default configuration options.

  18. The maximum number of tasks that the connector may create. Tasks handle the data replication and run in parallel. If the infrastructure supports the processing overhead, increasing this value can improve throughput. Kafka Connect distributes the tasks between members of the cluster. If there are more tasks than workers, workers are assigned multiple tasks. For sink connectors, aim to have one task for each topic partition consumed. For source connectors, the number of tasks that can run in parallel may also depend on the external system. The connector creates fewer than the maximum number of tasks if it cannot achieve the parallelism.

  19. Enables automatic restarts of failed connectors and tasks. Up to seven restart attempts are made, after which restarts must be made manually.

  20. Replication factor for mirrored topics created at the target cluster.

  21. Replication factor for the MirrorSourceConnector offset-syncs internal topic that maps the offsets of the source and target clusters.

  22. When ACL rules synchronization is enabled, ACLs are applied to synchronized topics. The default is true. This feature is not compatible with the User Operator. If you are using the User Operator, set this property to false.

  23. Optional setting to change the frequency of checks for new topics. The default is for a check every 10 minutes.

  24. Adds a policy that overrides the automatic renaming of remote topics. Instead of prepending the name with the name of the source cluster, the topic retains its original name. This optional setting is useful for active/passive backups and data migration. The property must be specified for all connectors. For bidirectional (active/active) replication, use the DefaultReplicationPolicy class to automatically rename remote topics and specify the replication.policy.separator property for all connectors to add a custom separator.

  25. Configuration for the MirrorHeartbeatConnector that performs connectivity checks. The config overrides the default configuration options.

  26. Replication factor for the heartbeat topic created at the target cluster.

  27. Configuration for the MirrorCheckpointConnector that tracks offsets. The config overrides the default configuration options.

  28. Replication factor for the checkpoints topic created at the target cluster.

  29. Optional setting to change the frequency of checks for new consumer groups. The default is for a check every 10 minutes.

  30. Optional setting to synchronize consumer group offsets, which is useful for recovery in an active/passive configuration. Synchronization is not enabled by default.

  31. If the synchronization of consumer group offsets is enabled, you can adjust the frequency of the synchronization.

  32. Adjusts the frequency of checks for offset tracking. If you change the frequency of offset synchronization, you might also need to adjust the frequency of these checks.

  33. Topic replication from the source cluster defined as a comma-separated list or regular expression pattern. The source connector replicates the specified topics. The checkpoint connector tracks offsets for the specified topics. Here we request three topics by name.

  34. Consumer group replication from the source cluster defined as a comma-separated list or regular expression pattern. The checkpoint connector replicates the specified consumer groups. Here we request three consumer groups by name.

  35. Requests for reservation of supported resources, currently cpu and memory, and limits to specify the maximum resources that can be consumed.

  36. Specified Kafka Connect loggers and log levels added directly (inline) or indirectly (external) through a ConfigMap. A custom Log4j configuration must be placed under the log4j.properties or log4j2.properties key in the ConfigMap. For the Kafka Connect log4j.rootLogger logger, you can set the log level to INFO, ERROR, WARN, TRACE, DEBUG, FATAL or OFF.

  37. Healthchecks to know when to restart a container (liveness) and when a container can accept traffic (readiness).

  38. JVM configuration options to optimize performance for the Virtual Machine (VM) running Kafka MirrorMaker.

  39. ADVANCED OPTION: Container image configuration, which is recommended only in special situations.

  40. SPECIALIZED OPTION: Rack awareness configuration for the deployment. This is a specialized option intended for a deployment within the same location, not across regions. Use this option if you want connectors to consume from the closest replica rather than the leader replica. In certain cases, consuming from the closest replica can improve network utilization or reduce costs . The topologyKey must match a node label containing the rack ID. The example used in this configuration specifies a zone using the standard topology.kubernetes.io/zone label. To consume from the closest replica, enable the RackAwareReplicaSelector in the Kafka broker configuration.

  41. Template customization. Here a pod is scheduled with anti-affinity, so the pod is not scheduled on nodes with the same hostname.

  42. Environment variables are set for distributed tracing.

  43. Distributed tracing is enabled by using OpenTelemetry.

  44. External configuration for a Kubernetes Secret mounted to Kafka MirrorMaker as an environment variable. You can also use configuration provider plugins to load configuration values from external sources.

8.6.1. Configuring active/active or active/passive modes

You can use MirrorMaker 2 in active/passive or active/active cluster configurations.

active/active cluster configuration

An active/active configuration has two active clusters replicating data bidirectionally. Applications can use either cluster. Each cluster can provide the same data. In this way, you can make the same data available in different geographical locations. As consumer groups are active in both clusters, consumer offsets for replicated topics are not synchronized back to the source cluster.

active/passive cluster configuration

An active/passive configuration has an active cluster replicating data to a passive cluster. The passive cluster remains on standby. You might use the passive cluster for data recovery in the event of system failure.

The expectation is that producers and consumers connect to active clusters only. A MirrorMaker 2 cluster is required at each target destination.

Bidirectional replication (active/active)

The MirrorMaker 2 architecture supports bidirectional replication in an active/active cluster configuration.

Each cluster replicates the data of the other cluster using the concept of source and remote topics. As the same topics are stored in each cluster, remote topics are automatically renamed by MirrorMaker 2 to represent the source cluster. The name of the originating cluster is prepended to the name of the topic.

MirrorMaker 2 bidirectional architecture
Figure 1. Topic renaming

By flagging the originating cluster, topics are not replicated back to that cluster.

The concept of replication through remote topics is useful when configuring an architecture that requires data aggregation. Consumers can subscribe to source and remote topics within the same cluster, without the need for a separate aggregation cluster.

Unidirectional replication (active/passive)

The MirrorMaker 2 architecture supports unidirectional replication in an active/passive cluster configuration.

You can use an active/passive cluster configuration to make backups or migrate data to another cluster. In this situation, you might not want automatic renaming of remote topics.

You can override automatic renaming by adding IdentityReplicationPolicy to the source connector configuration. With this configuration applied, topics retain their original names.

8.6.2. Configuring MirrorMaker 2 connectors

Use Mirrormaker 2 connector configuration for the internal connectors that orchestrate the synchronization of data between Kafka clusters.

MirrorMaker 2 consists of the following connectors:

MirrorSourceConnector

The source connector replicates topics from a source cluster to a target cluster. It also replicates ACLs and is necessary for the MirrorCheckpointConnector to run.

MirrorCheckpointConnector

The checkpoint connector periodically tracks offsets. If enabled, it also synchronizes consumer group offsets between the source and target cluster.

MirrorHeartbeatConnector

The heartbeat connector periodically checks connectivity between the source and target cluster.

Note
 ACL replication through the connector is not possible if you are using the User Operator.

The following table describes connector properties and the connectors you configure to use them.

Table 4. MirrorMaker 2 connector configuration properties
Property sourceConnector checkpointConnector heartbeatConnector
admin.timeout.ms

Timeout for admin tasks, such as detecting new topics. Default is 60000 (1 minute).

✓

✓

✓
replication.policy.class

Policy to define the remote topic naming convention. Default is org.apache.kafka.connect.mirror.DefaultReplicationPolicy.

✓

✓

✓
replication.policy.separator

The separator used for topic naming in the target cluster. By default, the separator is set to a dot (.). Separator configuration is only applicable to the DefaultReplicationPolicy replication policy class, which defines remote topic names. The IdentityReplicationPolicy class does not use the property as topics retain their original names.

✓

✓

✓
consumer.poll.timeout.ms

Timeout when polling the source cluster. Default is 1000 (1 second).

✓

✓
offset-syncs.topic.location

The location of the offset-syncs topic, which can be the source (default) or target cluster.

✓

✓
topic.filter.class

Topic filter to select the topics to replicate. Default is org.apache.kafka.connect.mirror.DefaultTopicFilter.

✓

✓
config.property.filter.class

Topic filter to select the topic configuration properties to replicate. Default is org.apache.kafka.connect.mirror.DefaultConfigPropertyFilter.

✓
config.properties.exclude

Topic configuration properties that should not be replicated. Supports comma-separated property names and regular expressions.

✓
offset.lag.max

Maximum allowable (out-of-sync) offset lag before a remote partition is synchronized. Default is 100.

✓
offset-syncs.topic.replication.factor

Replication factor for the internal offset-syncs topic. Default is 3.

✓
refresh.topics.enabled

Enables check for new topics and partitions. Default is true.

✓
refresh.topics.interval.seconds

Frequency of topic refresh. Default is 600 (10 minutes). By default, a check for new topics in the source cluster is made every 10 minutes. You can change the frequency by adding refresh.topics.interval.seconds to the source connector configuration.

✓
replication.factor

The replication factor for new topics. Default is 2.

✓
sync.topic.acls.enabled

Enables synchronization of ACLs from the source cluster. Default is true. Not compatible with the User Operator.

✓
sync.topic.acls.interval.seconds

Frequency of ACL synchronization. Default is 600 (10 minutes).

✓
sync.topic.configs.enabled

Enables synchronization of topic configuration from the source cluster. Default is true.

✓
sync.topic.configs.interval.seconds

Frequency of topic configuration synchronization. Default 600 (10 minutes).

✓
checkpoints.topic.replication.factor

Replication factor for the internal checkpoints topic. Default is 3.

✓
emit.checkpoints.enabled

Enables synchronization of consumer offsets to the target cluster. Default is true.

✓
emit.checkpoints.interval.seconds

Frequency of consumer offset synchronization. Default is 60 (1 minute).

✓
group.filter.class

Group filter to select the consumer groups to replicate. Default is org.apache.kafka.connect.mirror.DefaultGroupFilter.

✓
refresh.groups.enabled

Enables check for new consumer groups. Default is true.

✓
refresh.groups.interval.seconds

Frequency of consumer group refresh. Default is 600 (10 minutes).

✓
sync.group.offsets.enabled

Enables synchronization of consumer group offsets to the target cluster __consumer_offsets topic. Default is false.

✓
sync.group.offsets.interval.seconds

Frequency of consumer group offset synchronization. Default is 60 (1 minute).

✓
emit.heartbeats.enabled

Enables connectivity checks on the target cluster. Default is true.

✓
emit.heartbeats.interval.seconds

Frequency of connectivity checks. Default is 1 (1 second).

✓
heartbeats.topic.replication.factor

Replication factor for the internal heartbeats topic. Default is 3.

✓
Changing the location of the consumer group offsets topic

MirrorMaker 2 tracks offsets for consumer groups using internal topics.

offset-syncs topic

The offset-syncs topic maps the source and target offsets for replicated topic partitions from record metadata.

checkpoints topic

The checkpoints topic maps the last committed offset in the source and target cluster for replicated topic partitions in each consumer group.

As they are used internally by MirrorMaker 2, you do not interact directly with these topics.

MirrorCheckpointConnector emits checkpoints for offset tracking. Offsets for the checkpoints topic are tracked at predetermined intervals through configuration. Both topics enable replication to be fully restored from the correct offset position on failover.

The location of the offset-syncs topic is the source cluster by default. You can use the offset-syncs.topic.location connector configuration to change this to the target cluster. You need read/write access to the cluster that contains the topic. Using the target cluster as the location of the offset-syncs topic allows you to use MirrorMaker 2 even if you have only read access to the source cluster.

Synchronizing consumer group offsets

The __consumer_offsets topic stores information on committed offsets for each consumer group. Offset synchronization periodically transfers the consumer offsets for the consumer groups of a source cluster into the consumer offsets topic of a target cluster.

Offset synchronization is particularly useful in an active/passive configuration. If the active cluster goes down, consumer applications can switch to the passive (standby) cluster and pick up from the last transferred offset position.

To use topic offset synchronization, enable the synchronization by adding sync.group.offsets.enabled to the checkpoint connector configuration, and setting the property to true. Synchronization is disabled by default.

When using the IdentityReplicationPolicy in the source connector, it also has to be configured in the checkpoint connector configuration. This ensures that the mirrored consumer offsets will be applied for the correct topics.

Consumer offsets are only synchronized for consumer groups that are not active in the target cluster. If the consumer groups are in the target cluster, the synchronization cannot be performed and an UNKNOWN_MEMBER_ID error is returned.

If enabled, the synchronization of offsets from the source cluster is made periodically. You can change the frequency by adding sync.group.offsets.interval.seconds and emit.checkpoints.interval.seconds to the checkpoint connector configuration. The properties specify the frequency in seconds that the consumer group offsets are synchronized, and the frequency of checkpoints emitted for offset tracking. The default for both properties is 60 seconds. You can also change the frequency of checks for new consumer groups using the refresh.groups.interval.seconds property, which is performed every 10 minutes by default.

Because the synchronization is time-based, any switchover by consumers to a passive cluster will likely result in some duplication of messages.

Note
 If you have an application written in Java, you can use the RemoteClusterUtils.java utility to synchronize offsets through the application. The utility fetches remote offsets for a consumer group from the checkpoints topic.
Deciding when to use the heartbeat connector

The heartbeat connector emits heartbeats to check connectivity between source and target Kafka clusters. An internal heartbeat topic is replicated from the source cluster, which means that the heartbeat connector must be connected to the source cluster. The heartbeat topic is located on the target cluster, which allows it to do the following:

  • Identify all source clusters it is mirroring data from

  • Verify the liveness and latency of the mirroring process

This helps to make sure that the process is not stuck or has stopped for any reason. While the heartbeat connector can be a valuable tool for monitoring the mirroring processes between Kafka clusters, it’s not always necessary to use it. For example, if your deployment has low network latency or a small number of topics, you might prefer to monitor the mirroring process using log messages or other monitoring tools. If you decide not to use the heartbeat connector, simply omit it from your MirrorMaker 2 configuration.

Aligning the configuration of MirrorMaker 2 connectors

To ensure that MirrorMaker 2 connectors work properly, make sure to align certain configuration settings across connectors. Specifically, ensure that the following properties have the same value across all applicable connectors:

  • replication.policy.class

  • replication.policy.separator

  • offset-syncs.topic.location

  • topic.filter.class

For example, the value for replication.policy.class must be the same for the source, checkpoint, and heartbeat connectors. Mismatched or missing settings cause issues with data replication or offset syncing, so it’s essential to keep all relevant connectors configured with the same settings.

8.6.3. Configuring MirrorMaker 2 connector producers and consumers

MirrorMaker 2 connectors use internal producers and consumers. If needed, you can configure these producers and consumers to override the default settings.

For example, you can increase the batch.size for the source producer that sends topics to the target Kafka cluster to better accommodate large volumes of messages.

Important
 Producer and consumer configuration options depend on the MirrorMaker 2 implementation, and may be subject to change.

The following tables describe the producers and consumers for each of the connectors and where you can add configuration.

Table 5. Source connector producers and consumers
Type Description Configuration

Producer

Sends topic messages to the target Kafka cluster. Consider tuning the configuration of this producer when it is handling large volumes of data.

mirrors.sourceConnector.config: producer.override.*

Producer

Writes to the offset-syncs topic, which maps the source and target offsets for replicated topic partitions.

mirrors.sourceConnector.config: producer.*

Consumer

Retrieves topic messages from the source Kafka cluster.

mirrors.sourceConnector.config: consumer.*
Table 6. Checkpoint connector producers and consumers
Type Description Configuration

Producer

Emits consumer offset checkpoints.

mirrors.checkpointConnector.config: producer.override.*

Consumer

Loads the offset-syncs topic.

mirrors.checkpointConnector.config: consumer.*
Note
 You can set offset-syncs.topic.location to target to use the target Kafka cluster as the location of the offset-syncs topic.
Table 7. Heartbeat connector producer
Type Description Configuration

Producer

Emits heartbeats.

mirrors.heartbeatConnector.config: producer.override.*

The following example shows how you configure the producers and consumers.

Example configuration for connector producers and consumers
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaMirrorMaker2
metadata:
  name: my-mirror-maker2
spec:
  version: 3.5.0
  # ...
  mirrors:
  - sourceCluster: "my-cluster-source"
    targetCluster: "my-cluster-target"
    sourceConnector:
      tasksMax: 5
      config:
        producer.override.batch.size: 327680
        producer.override.linger.ms: 100
        producer.request.timeout.ms: 30000
        consumer.fetch.max.bytes: 52428800
        # ...
    checkpointConnector:
      config:
        producer.override.request.timeout.ms: 30000
        consumer.max.poll.interval.ms: 300000
        # ...
    heartbeatConnector:
      config:
        producer.override.request.timeout.ms: 30000
        # ...

8.6.4. Specifying a maximum number of data replication tasks

Connectors create the tasks that are responsible for moving data in and out of Kafka. Each connector comprises one or more tasks that are distributed across a group of worker pods that run the tasks. Increasing the number of tasks can help with performance issues when replicating a large number of partitions or synchronizing the offsets of a large number of consumer groups.

Tasks run in parallel. Workers are assigned one or more tasks. A single task is handled by one worker pod, so you don’t need more worker pods than tasks. If there are more tasks than workers, workers handle multiple tasks.

You can specify the maximum number of connector tasks in your MirrorMaker configuration using the tasksMax property. Without specifying a maximum number of tasks, the default setting is a single task.

The heartbeat connector always uses a single task.

The number of tasks that are started for the source and checkpoint connectors is the lower value between the maximum number of possible tasks and the value for tasksMax. For the source connector, the maximum number of tasks possible is one for each partition being replicated from the source cluster. For the checkpoint connector, the maximum number of tasks possible is one for each consumer group being replicated from the source cluster. When setting a maximum number of tasks, consider the number of partitions and the hardware resources that support the process.

If the infrastructure supports the processing overhead, increasing the number of tasks can improve throughput and latency. For example, adding more tasks reduces the time taken to poll the source cluster when there is a high number of partitions or consumer groups.

Increasing the number of tasks for the source connector is useful when you have a large number of partitions.

Increasing the number of tasks for the source connector
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaMirrorMaker2
metadata:
  name: my-mirror-maker2
spec:
  # ...
  mirrors:
  - sourceCluster: "my-cluster-source"
    targetCluster: "my-cluster-target"
    sourceConnector:
      tasksMax: 10
  # ...

Increasing the number of tasks for the checkpoint connector is useful when you have a large number of consumer groups.

Increasing the number of tasks for the checkpoint connector
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaMirrorMaker2
metadata:
  name: my-mirror-maker2
spec:
  # ...
  mirrors:
  - sourceCluster: "my-cluster-source"
    targetCluster: "my-cluster-target"
    checkpointConnector:
      tasksMax: 10
  # ...

By default, MirrorMaker 2 checks for new consumer groups every 10 minutes. You can adjust the refresh.groups.interval.seconds configuration to change the frequency. Take care when adjusting lower. More frequent checks can have a negative impact on performance.

Checking connector task operations

If you are using Prometheus and Grafana to monitor your deployment, you can check MirrorMaker 2 performance. The example MirrorMaker 2 Grafana dashboard provided with Strimzi shows the following metrics related to tasks and latency.

  • The number of tasks

  • Replication latency

  • Offset synchronization latency

Additional resources

8.6.5. Synchronizing ACL rules for remote topics

When using MirrorMaker 2 with Strimzi, it is possible to synchronize ACL rules for remote topics. However, this feature is only available if you are not using the User Operator.

If you are using the AclAuthorizer without the User Operator, the ACL rules that manage access to brokers also apply to remote topics. This means that users who have read access to a source topic can also read its remote equivalent.

Note
 OAuth 2.0 authorization does not support access to remote topics in this way.

8.6.6. Securing a Kafka MirrorMaker 2 deployment

This procedure describes in outline the configuration required to secure a MirrorMaker 2 deployment.

You need separate configuration for the source Kafka cluster and the target Kafka cluster. You also need separate user configuration to provide the credentials required for MirrorMaker to connect to the source and target Kafka clusters.

For the Kafka clusters, you specify internal listeners for secure connections within a Kubernetes cluster and external listeners for connections outside the Kubernetes cluster.

You can configure authentication and authorization mechanisms. The security options implemented for the source and target Kafka clusters must be compatible with the security options implemented for MirrorMaker 2.

After you have created the cluster and user authentication credentials, you specify them in your MirrorMaker configuration for secure connections.

Note
 In this procedure, the certificates generated by the Cluster Operator are used, but you can replace them by installing your own certificates. You can also configure your listener to use a Kafka listener certificate managed by an external CA (certificate authority).
Before you start

Before starting this procedure, take a look at the example configuration files provided by Strimzi. They include examples for securing a deployment of MirrorMaker 2 using mTLS or SCRAM-SHA-512 authentication. The examples specify internal listeners for connecting within a Kubernetes cluster.

The examples provide the configuration for full authorization, including all the ACLs needed by MirrorMaker 2 to allow operations on the source and target Kafka clusters.

Prerequisites

  • Strimzi is running

  • Separate namespaces for source and target clusters

The procedure assumes that the source and target Kafka clusters are installed to separate namespaces If you want to use the Topic Operator, you’ll need to do this. The Topic Operator only watches a single cluster in a specified namespace.

By separating the clusters into namespaces, you will need to copy the cluster secrets so they can be accessed outside the namespace. You need to reference the secrets in the MirrorMaker configuration.

Procedure

  1. Configure two Kafka resources, one to secure the source Kafka cluster and one to secure the target Kafka cluster.

    You can add listener configuration for authentication and enable authorization.

    In this example, an internal listener is configured for a Kafka cluster with TLS encryption and mTLS authentication. Kafka simple authorization is enabled.

    Example source Kafka cluster configuration with TLS encryption and mTLS authentication
    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  name: my-source-cluster
spec:
  kafka:
    version: 3.5.0
    replicas: 1
    listeners:
      - name: tls
        port: 9093
        type: internal
        tls: true
        authentication:
          type: tls
    authorization:
      type: simple
    config:
      offsets.topic.replication.factor: 1
      transaction.state.log.replication.factor: 1
      transaction.state.log.min.isr: 1
      default.replication.factor: 1
      min.insync.replicas: 1
      inter.broker.protocol.version: "3.5"
    storage:
      type: jbod
      volumes:
      - id: 0
        type: persistent-claim
        size: 100Gi
        deleteClaim: false
  zookeeper:
    replicas: 1
    storage:
      type: persistent-claim
      size: 100Gi
      deleteClaim: false
  entityOperator:
    topicOperator: {}
    userOperator: {}
    Example target Kafka cluster configuration with TLS encryption and mTLS authentication
    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  name: my-target-cluster
spec:
  kafka:
    version: 3.5.0
    replicas: 1
    listeners:
      - name: tls
        port: 9093
        type: internal
        tls: true
        authentication:
          type: tls
    authorization:
      type: simple
    config:
      offsets.topic.replication.factor: 1
      transaction.state.log.replication.factor: 1
      transaction.state.log.min.isr: 1
      default.replication.factor: 1
      min.insync.replicas: 1
      inter.broker.protocol.version: "3.5"
    storage:
      type: jbod
      volumes:
        - id: 0
          type: persistent-claim
          size: 100Gi
          deleteClaim: false
  zookeeper:
    replicas: 1
    storage:
      type: persistent-claim
      size: 100Gi
      deleteClaim: false
  entityOperator:
    topicOperator: {}
    userOperator: {}

  2. Create or update the Kafka resources in separate namespaces.

    kubectl apply -f <kafka_configuration_file> -n <namespace>

    The Cluster Operator creates the listeners and sets up the cluster and client certificate authority (CA) certificates to enable authentication within the Kafka cluster.

    The certificates are created in the secret <cluster_name>-cluster-ca-cert.

  3. Configure two KafkaUser resources, one for a user of the source Kafka cluster and one for a user of the target Kafka cluster.

    1. Configure the same authentication and authorization types as the corresponding source and target Kafka cluster. For example, if you used tls authentication and the simple authorization type in the Kafka configuration for the source Kafka cluster, use the same in the KafkaUser configuration.

    2. Configure the ACLs needed by MirrorMaker 2 to allow operations on the source and target Kafka clusters.

      The ACLs are used by the internal MirrorMaker connectors, and by the underlying Kafka Connect framework.

    Example source user configuration for mTLS authentication
    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaUser
metadata:
  name: my-source-user
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-source-cluster
spec:
  authentication:
    type: tls
  authorization:
    type: simple
    acls:
      # MirrorSourceConnector
      - resource: # Not needed if offset-syncs.topic.location=target
          type: topic
          name: mm2-offset-syncs.my-target-cluster.internal
        operations:
          - Create
          - DescribeConfigs
          - Read
          - Write
      - resource: # Needed for every topic which is mirrored
          type: topic
          name: "*"
        operations:
          - DescribeConfigs
          - Read
      # MirrorCheckpointConnector
      - resource:
          type: cluster
        operations:
          - Describe
      - resource: # Needed for every group for which offsets are synced
          type: group
          name: "*"
        operations:
          - Describe
      - resource: # Not needed if offset-syncs.topic.location=target
          type: topic
          name: mm2-offset-syncs.my-target-cluster.internal
        operations:
          - Read
    Example target user configuration for mTLS authentication
    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaUser
metadata:
  name: my-target-user
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-target-cluster
spec:
  authentication:
    type: tls
  authorization:
    type: simple
    acls:
      # Underlying Kafka Connect internal topics to store configuration, offsets, or status
      - resource:
          type: group
          name: mirrormaker2-cluster
        operations:
          - Read
      - resource:
          type: topic
          name: mirrormaker2-cluster-configs
        operations:
          - Create
          - Describe
          - DescribeConfigs
          - Read
          - Write
      - resource:
          type: topic
          name: mirrormaker2-cluster-status
        operations:
          - Create
          - Describe
          - DescribeConfigs
          - Read
          - Write
      - resource:
          type: topic
          name: mirrormaker2-cluster-offsets
        operations:
          - Create
          - Describe
          - DescribeConfigs
          - Read
          - Write
      # MirrorSourceConnector
      - resource: # Needed for every topic which is mirrored
          type: topic
          name: "*"
        operations:
          - Create
          - Alter
          - AlterConfigs
          - Write
      # MirrorCheckpointConnector
      - resource:
          type: cluster
        operations:
          - Describe
      - resource:
          type: topic
          name: my-source-cluster.checkpoints.internal
        operations:
          - Create
          - Describe
          - Read
          - Write
      - resource: # Needed for every group for which the offset is synced
          type: group
          name: "*"
        operations:
          - Read
          - Describe
      # MirrorHeartbeatConnector
      - resource:
          type: topic
          name: heartbeats
        operations:
          - Create
          - Describe
          - Write
    Note
    		 You can use a certificate issued outside the User Operator by setting type to tls-external. For more information, see the KafkaUserSpec schema reference.

  4. Create or update a KafkaUser resource in each of the namespaces you created for the source and target Kafka clusters.

    kubectl apply -f <kafka_user_configuration_file> -n <namespace>

    The User Operator creates the users representing the client (MirrorMaker), and the security credentials used for client authentication, based on the chosen authentication type.

    The User Operator creates a new secret with the same name as the KafkaUser resource. The secret contains a private and public key for mTLS authentication. The public key is contained in a user certificate, which is signed by the clients CA.

  5. Configure a KafkaMirrorMaker2 resource with the authentication details to connect to the source and target Kafka clusters.

    Example MirrorMaker 2 configuration with TLS encryption and mTLS authentication
    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaMirrorMaker2
metadata:
  name: my-mirror-maker-2
spec:
  version: 3.5.0
  replicas: 1
  connectCluster: "my-target-cluster"
  clusters:
    - alias: "my-source-cluster"
      bootstrapServers: my-source-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9093
      tls: # (1)
        trustedCertificates:
          - secretName: my-source-cluster-cluster-ca-cert
            certificate: ca.crt
      authentication: # (2)
        type: tls
        certificateAndKey:
          secretName: my-source-user
          certificate: user.crt
          key: user.key
    - alias: "my-target-cluster"
      bootstrapServers: my-target-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9093
      tls: # (3)
        trustedCertificates:
          - secretName: my-target-cluster-cluster-ca-cert
            certificate: ca.crt
      authentication: # (4)
        type: tls
        certificateAndKey:
          secretName: my-target-user
          certificate: user.crt
          key: user.key
      config:
        # -1 means it will use the default replication factor configured in the broker
        config.storage.replication.factor: -1
        offset.storage.replication.factor: -1
        status.storage.replication.factor: -1
  mirrors:
    - sourceCluster: "my-source-cluster"
      targetCluster: "my-target-cluster"
      sourceConnector:
        config:
          replication.factor: 1
          offset-syncs.topic.replication.factor: 1
          sync.topic.acls.enabled: "false"
      heartbeatConnector:
        config:
          heartbeats.topic.replication.factor: 1
      checkpointConnector:
        config:
          checkpoints.topic.replication.factor: 1
          sync.group.offsets.enabled: "true"
      topicsPattern: "topic1|topic2|topic3"
      groupsPattern: "group1|group2|group3"

    1. The TLS certificates for the source Kafka cluster. If they are in a separate namespace, copy the cluster secrets from the namespace of the Kafka cluster.

    2. The user authentication for accessing the source Kafka cluster using the TLS mechanism.

    3. The TLS certificates for the target Kafka cluster.

    4. The user authentication for accessing the target Kafka cluster.

  6. Create or update the KafkaMirrorMaker2 resource in the same namespace as the target Kafka cluster.

    kubectl apply -f <mirrormaker2_configuration_file> -n <namespace_of_target_cluster>

8.7. Configuring Kafka MirrorMaker (deprecated)

Update the spec properties of the KafkaMirrorMaker custom resource to configure your Kafka MirrorMaker deployment.

You can configure access control for producers and consumers using TLS or SASL authentication. This procedure shows a configuration that uses TLS encryption and mTLS authentication on the consumer and producer side.

For a deeper understanding of the Kafka MirrorMaker cluster configuration options, refer to the Strimzi Custom Resource API Reference.

Important
 Kafka MirrorMaker 1 (referred to as just MirrorMaker in the documentation) has been deprecated in Apache Kafka 3.0.0 and will be removed in Apache Kafka 4.0.0. As a result, the KafkaMirrorMaker custom resource which is used to deploy Kafka MirrorMaker 1 has been deprecated in Strimzi as well. The KafkaMirrorMaker resource will be removed from Strimzi when we adopt Apache Kafka 4.0.0. As a replacement, use the KafkaMirrorMaker2 custom resource with the IdentityReplicationPolicy.
Example KafkaMirrorMaker custom resource configuration
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaMirrorMaker
metadata:
  name: my-mirror-maker
spec:
  replicas: 3 # (1)
  consumer:
    bootstrapServers: my-source-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9092 # (2)
    groupId: "my-group" # (3)
    numStreams: 2 # (4)
    offsetCommitInterval: 120000 # (5)
    tls: # (6)
      trustedCertificates:
      - secretName: my-source-cluster-ca-cert
        certificate: ca.crt
    authentication: # (7)
      type: tls
      certificateAndKey:
        secretName: my-source-secret
        certificate: public.crt
        key: private.key
    config: # (8)
      max.poll.records: 100
      receive.buffer.bytes: 32768
  producer:
    bootstrapServers: my-target-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9092
    abortOnSendFailure: false # (9)
    tls:
      trustedCertificates:
      - secretName: my-target-cluster-ca-cert
        certificate: ca.crt
    authentication:
      type: tls
      certificateAndKey:
        secretName: my-target-secret
        certificate: public.crt
        key: private.key
    config:
      compression.type: gzip
      batch.size: 8192
  include: "my-topic|other-topic" # (10)
  resources: # (11)
    requests:
      cpu: "1"
      memory: 2Gi
    limits:
      cpu: "2"
      memory: 2Gi
  logging: # (12)
    type: inline
    loggers:
      mirrormaker.root.logger: INFO
  readinessProbe: # (13)
    initialDelaySeconds: 15
    timeoutSeconds: 5
  livenessProbe:
    initialDelaySeconds: 15
    timeoutSeconds: 5
  metricsConfig: # (14)
   type: jmxPrometheusExporter
   valueFrom:
     configMapKeyRef:
       name: my-config-map
       key: my-key
  jvmOptions: # (15)
    "-Xmx": "1g"
    "-Xms": "1g"
  image: my-org/my-image:latest # (16)
  template: # (17)
    pod:
      affinity:
        podAntiAffinity:
          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            - labelSelector:
                matchExpressions:
                  - key: application
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - postgresql
                      - mongodb
              topologyKey: "kubernetes.io/hostname"
    mirrorMakerContainer: # (18)
      env:
        - name: OTEL_SERVICE_NAME
          value: my-otel-service
        - name: OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT
          value: "http://otlp-host:4317"
  tracing: # (19)
    type: opentelemetry

  1. The number of replica nodes.

  2. Bootstrap servers for consumer and producer.

  3. Group ID for the consumer.

  4. The number of consumer streams.

  5. The offset auto-commit interval in milliseconds.

  6. TLS encryption with key names under which TLS certificates are stored in X.509 format for consumer or producer. If certificates are stored in the same secret, it can be listed multiple times.

  7. Authentication for consumer or producer, specified as mTLS, token-based OAuth, SASL-based SCRAM-SHA-256/SCRAM-SHA-512, or PLAIN.

  8. Kafka configuration options for consumer and producer.

  9. If the abortOnSendFailure property is set to true, Kafka MirrorMaker will exit and the container will restart following a send failure for a message.

  10. A list of included topics mirrored from source to target Kafka cluster.

  11. Requests for reservation of supported resources, currently cpu and memory, and limits to specify the maximum resources that can be consumed.

  12. Specified loggers and log levels added directly (inline) or indirectly (external) through a ConfigMap. A custom Log4j configuration must be placed under the log4j.properties or log4j2.properties key in the ConfigMap. MirrorMaker has a single logger called mirrormaker.root.logger. You can set the log level to INFO, ERROR, WARN, TRACE, DEBUG, FATAL or OFF.

  13. Healthchecks to know when to restart a container (liveness) and when a container can accept traffic (readiness).

  14. Prometheus metrics, which are enabled by referencing a ConfigMap containing configuration for the Prometheus JMX exporter in this example. You can enable metrics without further configuration using a reference to a ConfigMap containing an empty file under metricsConfig.valueFrom.configMapKeyRef.key.

  15. JVM configuration options to optimize performance for the Virtual Machine (VM) running Kafka MirrorMaker.

  16. ADVANCED OPTION: Container image configuration, which is recommended only in special situations.

  17. Template customization. Here a pod is scheduled with anti-affinity, so the pod is not scheduled on nodes with the same hostname.

  18. Environment variables are set for distributed tracing.

  19. Distributed tracing is enabled by using OpenTelemetry.

    Warning
    		 With the abortOnSendFailure property set to false, the producer attempts to send the next message in a topic. The original message might be lost, as there is no attempt to resend a failed message.

8.8. Configuring the Kafka Bridge

Update the spec properties of the KafkaBridge custom resource to configure your Kafka Bridge deployment.

In order to prevent issues arising when client consumer requests are processed by different Kafka Bridge instances, address-based routing must be employed to ensure that requests are routed to the right Kafka Bridge instance. Additionally, each independent Kafka Bridge instance must have a replica. A Kafka Bridge instance has its own state which is not shared with another instances.

For a deeper understanding of the Kafka Bridge cluster configuration options, refer to the Strimzi Custom Resource API Reference.

Example KafkaBridge custom resource configuration
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaBridge
metadata:
  name: my-bridge
spec:
  replicas: 3 # (1)
  bootstrapServers: <cluster_name>-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9092 # (2)
  tls: # (3)
    trustedCertificates:
      - secretName: my-cluster-cluster-cert
        certificate: ca.crt
      - secretName: my-cluster-cluster-cert
        certificate: ca2.crt
  authentication: # (4)
    type: tls
    certificateAndKey:
      secretName: my-secret
      certificate: public.crt
      key: private.key
  http: # (5)
    port: 8080
    cors: # (6)
      allowedOrigins: "https://strimzi.io"
      allowedMethods: "GET,POST,PUT,DELETE,OPTIONS,PATCH"
  consumer: # (7)
    config:
      auto.offset.reset: earliest
  producer: # (8)
    config:
      delivery.timeout.ms: 300000
  resources: # (9)
    requests:
      cpu: "1"
      memory: 2Gi
    limits:
      cpu: "2"
      memory: 2Gi
  logging: # (10)
    type: inline
    loggers:
      logger.bridge.level: INFO
      # enabling DEBUG just for send operation
      logger.send.name: "http.openapi.operation.send"
      logger.send.level: DEBUG
  jvmOptions: # (11)
    "-Xmx": "1g"
    "-Xms": "1g"
  readinessProbe: # (12)
    initialDelaySeconds: 15
    timeoutSeconds: 5
  livenessProbe:
    initialDelaySeconds: 15
    timeoutSeconds: 5
  image: my-org/my-image:latest # (13)
  template: # (14)
    pod:
      affinity:
        podAntiAffinity:
          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            - labelSelector:
                matchExpressions:
                  - key: application
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - postgresql
                      - mongodb
              topologyKey: "kubernetes.io/hostname"
    bridgeContainer: # (15)
      env:
        - name: OTEL_SERVICE_NAME
          value: my-otel-service
        - name: OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT
          value: "http://otlp-host:4317"
  tracing:
    type: opentelemetry # (16)

  1. The number of replica nodes.

  2. Bootstrap server for connection to the target Kafka cluster. Use the name of the Kafka cluster as the <cluster_name>.

  3. TLS encryption with key names under which TLS certificates are stored in X.509 format for the source Kafka cluster. If certificates are stored in the same secret, it can be listed multiple times.

  4. Authentication for the Kafka Bridge cluster, specified as mTLS, token-based OAuth, SASL-based SCRAM-SHA-256/SCRAM-SHA-512, or PLAIN. By default, the Kafka Bridge connects to Kafka brokers without authentication.

  5. HTTP access to Kafka brokers.

  6. CORS access specifying selected resources and access methods. Additional HTTP headers in requests describe the origins that are permitted access to the Kafka cluster.

  7. Consumer configuration options.

  8. Producer configuration options.

  9. Requests for reservation of supported resources, currently cpu and memory, and limits to specify the maximum resources that can be consumed.

  10. Specified Kafka Bridge loggers and log levels added directly (inline) or indirectly (external) through a ConfigMap. A custom Log4j configuration must be placed under the log4j.properties or log4j2.properties key in the ConfigMap. For the Kafka Bridge loggers, you can set the log level to INFO, ERROR, WARN, TRACE, DEBUG, FATAL or OFF.

  11. JVM configuration options to optimize performance for the Virtual Machine (VM) running the Kafka Bridge.

  12. Healthchecks to know when to restart a container (liveness) and when a container can accept traffic (readiness).

  13. Optional: Container image configuration, which is recommended only in special situations.

  14. Template customization. Here a pod is scheduled with anti-affinity, so the pod is not scheduled on nodes with the same hostname.

  15. Environment variables are set for distributed tracing.

  16. Distributed tracing is enabled by using OpenTelemetry.

Additional resources

8.9. Configuring Kafka and ZooKeeper storage

As stateful applications, Kafka and ZooKeeper store data on disk. Strimzi supports three storage types for this data:

  • Ephemeral (Recommended for development only)

  • Persistent

  • JBOD (Kafka only not ZooKeeper)

When configuring a Kafka resource, you can specify the type of storage used by the Kafka broker and its corresponding ZooKeeper node. You configure the storage type using the storage property in the following resources:

  • Kafka.spec.kafka

  • Kafka.spec.zookeeper

The storage type is configured in the type field.

Refer to the schema reference for more information on storage configuration properties:

Warning
 The storage type cannot be changed after a Kafka cluster is deployed.

8.9.1. Data storage considerations

For Strimzi to work well, an efficient data storage infrastructure is essential. We strongly recommend using block storage. Strimzi is only tested for use with block storage. File storage, such as NFS, is not tested and there is no guarantee it will work.

Choose one of the following options for your block storage:

Note
 Strimzi does not require Kubernetes raw block volumes.
File systems

Kafka uses a file system for storing messages. Strimzi is compatible with the XFS and ext4 file systems, which are commonly used with Kafka. Consider the underlying architecture and requirements of your deployment when choosing and setting up your file system.

For more information, refer to Filesystem Selection in the Kafka documentation.

Disk usage

Use separate disks for Apache Kafka and ZooKeeper.

Solid-state drives (SSDs), though not essential, can improve the performance of Kafka in large clusters where data is sent to and received from multiple topics asynchronously. SSDs are particularly effective with ZooKeeper, which requires fast, low latency data access.

Note
 You do not need to provision replicated storage because Kafka and ZooKeeper both have built-in data replication.

8.9.2. Ephemeral storage

Ephemeral data storage is transient. All pods on a node share a local ephemeral storage space. Data is retained for as long as the pod that uses it is running. The data is lost when a pod is deleted. Although a pod can recover data in a highly available environment.

Because of its transient nature, ephemeral storage is only recommended for development and testing.

Ephemeral storage uses emptyDir volumes to store data. An emptyDir volume is created when a pod is assigned to a node. You can set the total amount of storage for the emptyDir using the sizeLimit property .

Important
 Ephemeral storage is not suitable for single-node ZooKeeper clusters or Kafka topics with a replication factor of 1.

To use ephemeral storage, you set the storage type configuration in the Kafka or ZooKeeper resource to ephemeral.

Example ephemeral storage configuration
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  name: my-cluster
spec:
  kafka:
    # ...
    storage:
      type: ephemeral
    # ...
  zookeeper:
    # ...
    storage:
      type: ephemeral
    # ...
Mount path of Kafka log directories

The ephemeral volume is used by Kafka brokers as log directories mounted into the following path:

/var/lib/kafka/data/kafka-logIDX

Where IDX is the Kafka broker pod index. For example /var/lib/kafka/data/kafka-log0.

8.9.3. Persistent storage

Persistent data storage retains data in the event of system disruption. For pods that use persistent data storage, data is persisted across pod failures and restarts.

A dynamic provisioning framework enables clusters to be created with persistent storage. Pod configuration uses Persistent Volume Claims (PVCs) to make storage requests on persistent volumes (PVs). PVs are storage resources that represent a storage volume. PVs are independent of the pods that use them. The PVC requests the amount of storage required when a pod is being created. The underlying storage infrastructure of the PV does not need to be understood. If a PV matches the storage criteria, the PVC is bound to the PV.

Because of its permanent nature, persistent storage is recommended for production.

PVCs can request different types of persistent storage by specifying a StorageClass. Storage classes define storage profiles and dynamically provision PVs. If a storage class is not specified, the default storage class is used. Persistent storage options might include SAN storage types or local persistent volumes.

To use persistent storage, you set the storage type configuration in the Kafka or ZooKeeper resource to persistent-claim.

In the production environment, the following configuration is recommended:

  • For Kafka, configure type: jbod with one or more type: persistent-claim volumes

  • For ZooKeeper, configure type: persistent-claim

Persistent storage also has the following configuration options:

id (optional)

A storage identification number. This option is mandatory for storage volumes defined in a JBOD storage declaration. Default is 0.

size (required)

The size of the persistent volume claim, for example, "1000Gi".

class (optional)

The Kubernetes StorageClass to use for dynamic volume provisioning. Storage class configuration includes parameters that describe the profile of a volume in detail.

selector (optional)

Configuration to specify a specific PV. Provides key:value pairs representing the labels of the volume selected.

deleteClaim (optional)

Boolean value to specify whether the PVC is deleted when the cluster is uninstalled. Default is false.

Warning
 Increasing the size of persistent volumes in an existing Strimzi cluster is only supported in Kubernetes versions that support persistent volume resizing. The persistent volume to be resized must use a storage class that supports volume expansion. For other versions of Kubernetes and storage classes that do not support volume expansion, you must decide the necessary storage size before deploying the cluster. Decreasing the size of existing persistent volumes is not possible.
Example persistent storage configuration for Kafka and ZooKeeper
# ...
spec:
  kafka:
    # ...
    storage:
      type: jbod
      volumes:
      - id: 0
        type: persistent-claim
        size: 100Gi
        deleteClaim: false
      - id: 1
        type: persistent-claim
        size: 100Gi
        deleteClaim: false
      - id: 2
        type: persistent-claim
        size: 100Gi
        deleteClaim: false
    # ...
  zookeeper:
    storage:
      type: persistent-claim
      size: 1000Gi
# ...

If you do not specify a storage class, the default is used. The following example specifies a storage class.

Example persistent storage configuration with specific storage class
# ...
storage:
  type: persistent-claim
  size: 1Gi
  class: my-storage-class
# ...

Use a selector to specify a labeled persistent volume that provides certain features, such as an SSD.

Example persistent storage configuration with selector
# ...
storage:
  type: persistent-claim
  size: 1Gi
  selector:
    hdd-type: ssd
  deleteClaim: true
# ...
Storage class overrides

Instead of using the default storage class, you can specify a different storage class for one or more Kafka brokers or ZooKeeper nodes. This is useful, for example, when storage classes are restricted to different availability zones or data centers. You can use the overrides field for this purpose.

In this example, the default storage class is named my-storage-class:

Example Strimzi cluster using storage class overrides
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  labels:
    app: my-cluster
  name: my-cluster
  namespace: myproject
spec:
  # ...
  kafka:
    replicas: 3
    storage:
      type: jbod
      volumes:
      - id: 0
        type: persistent-claim
        size: 100Gi
        deleteClaim: false
        class: my-storage-class
        overrides:
        - broker: 0
          class: my-storage-class-zone-1a
        - broker: 1
          class: my-storage-class-zone-1b
        - broker: 2
          class: my-storage-class-zone-1c
      # ...
  # ...
  zookeeper:
    replicas: 3
    storage:
      deleteClaim: true
      size: 100Gi
      type: persistent-claim
      class: my-storage-class
      overrides:
        - broker: 0
          class: my-storage-class-zone-1a
        - broker: 1
          class: my-storage-class-zone-1b
        - broker: 2
          class: my-storage-class-zone-1c
  # ...

As a result of the configured overrides property, the volumes use the following storage classes:

  • The persistent volumes of ZooKeeper node 0 use my-storage-class-zone-1a.

  • The persistent volumes of ZooKeeper node 1 use my-storage-class-zone-1b.

  • The persistent volumes of ZooKeeepr node 2 use my-storage-class-zone-1c.

  • The persistent volumes of Kafka broker 0 use my-storage-class-zone-1a.

  • The persistent volumes of Kafka broker 1 use my-storage-class-zone-1b.

  • The persistent volumes of Kafka broker 2 use my-storage-class-zone-1c.

The overrides property is currently used only to override storage class configurations. Overrides for other storage configuration properties is not currently supported. Other storage configuration properties are currently not supported.

PVC resources for persistent storage

When persistent storage is used, it creates PVCs with the following names:

data-cluster-name-kafka-idx

PVC for the volume used for storing data for the Kafka broker pod idx.

data-cluster-name-zookeeper-idx

PVC for the volume used for storing data for the ZooKeeper node pod idx.

Mount path of Kafka log directories

The persistent volume is used by the Kafka brokers as log directories mounted into the following path:

/var/lib/kafka/data/kafka-logIDX

Where IDX is the Kafka broker pod index. For example /var/lib/kafka/data/kafka-log0.

8.9.4. Resizing persistent volumes

Persistent volumes used by a cluster can be resized without any risk of data loss, as long as the storage infrastructure supports it. Following a configuration update to change the size of the storage, Strimzi instructs the storage infrastructure to make the change. Storage expansion is supported in Strimzi clusters that use persistent-claim volumes.

Storage reduction is only possible when using multiple disks per broker. You can remove a disk after moving all partitions on the disk to other volumes within the same broker (intra-broker) or to other brokers within the same cluster (intra-cluster).

Important
 You cannot decrease the size of persistent volumes because it is not currently supported in Kubernetes.
Prerequisites

  • A Kubernetes cluster with support for volume resizing.

  • The Cluster Operator is running.

  • A Kafka cluster using persistent volumes created using a storage class that supports volume expansion.

Procedure

  1. Edit the Kafka resource for your cluster.

    Change the size property to increase the size of the persistent volume allocated to a Kafka cluster, a ZooKeeper cluster, or both.

    • For Kafka clusters, update the size property under spec.kafka.storage.

    • For ZooKeeper clusters, update the size property under spec.zookeeper.storage.

    Kafka configuration to increase the volume size to 2000Gi
    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  name: my-cluster
spec:
  kafka:
    # ...
    storage:
      type: persistent-claim
      size: 2000Gi
      class: my-storage-class
    # ...
  zookeeper:
    # ...

  2. Create or update the resource:

    kubectl apply -f <kafka_configuration_file>

    Kubernetes increases the capacity of the selected persistent volumes in response to a request from the Cluster Operator. When the resizing is complete, the Cluster Operator restarts all pods that use the resized persistent volumes. This happens automatically.

  3. Verify that the storage capacity has increased for the relevant pods on the cluster:

    kubectl get pv
    Kafka broker pods with increased storage
    NAME               CAPACITY   CLAIM
pvc-0ca459ce-...   2000Gi     my-project/data-my-cluster-kafka-2
pvc-6e1810be-...   2000Gi     my-project/data-my-cluster-kafka-0
pvc-82dc78c9-...   2000Gi     my-project/data-my-cluster-kafka-1

    The output shows the names of each PVC associated with a broker pod.

Additional resources

8.9.5. JBOD storage

You can configure Strimzi to use JBOD, a data storage configuration of multiple disks or volumes. JBOD is one approach to providing increased data storage for Kafka brokers. It can also improve performance.

Note
 JBOD storage is supported for Kafka only not ZooKeeper.

A JBOD configuration is described by one or more volumes, each of which can be either ephemeral or persistent. The rules and constraints for JBOD volume declarations are the same as those for ephemeral and persistent storage. For example, you cannot decrease the size of a persistent storage volume after it has been provisioned, or you cannot change the value of sizeLimit when the type is ephemeral.

To use JBOD storage, you set the storage type configuration in the Kafka resource to jbod. The volumes property allows you to describe the disks that make up your JBOD storage array or configuration.

Example JBOD storage configuration
# ...
storage:
  type: jbod
  volumes:
  - id: 0
    type: persistent-claim
    size: 100Gi
    deleteClaim: false
  - id: 1
    type: persistent-claim
    size: 100Gi
    deleteClaim: false
# ...

The IDs cannot be changed once the JBOD volumes are created. You can add or remove volumes from the JBOD configuration.

PVC resource for JBOD storage

When persistent storage is used to declare JBOD volumes, it creates a PVC with the following name:

data-id-cluster-name-kafka-idx

PVC for the volume used for storing data for the Kafka broker pod idx. The id is the ID of the volume used for storing data for Kafka broker pod.

Mount path of Kafka log directories

The JBOD volumes are used by Kafka brokers as log directories mounted into the following path:

/var/lib/kafka/data-id/kafka-logidx

Where id is the ID of the volume used for storing data for Kafka broker pod idx. For example /var/lib/kafka/data-0/kafka-log0.

8.9.6. Adding volumes to JBOD storage

This procedure describes how to add volumes to a Kafka cluster configured to use JBOD storage. It cannot be applied to Kafka clusters configured to use any other storage type.

Note
 When adding a new volume under an id which was already used in the past and removed, you have to make sure that the previously used PersistentVolumeClaims have been deleted.
Prerequisites

  • A Kubernetes cluster

  • A running Cluster Operator

  • A Kafka cluster with JBOD storage

Procedure

  1. Edit the spec.kafka.storage.volumes property in the Kafka resource. Add the new volumes to the volumes array. For example, add the new volume with id 2:

    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  name: my-cluster
spec:
  kafka:
    # ...
    storage:
      type: jbod
      volumes:
      - id: 0
        type: persistent-claim
        size: 100Gi
        deleteClaim: false
      - id: 1
        type: persistent-claim
        size: 100Gi
        deleteClaim: false
      - id: 2
        type: persistent-claim
        size: 100Gi
        deleteClaim: false
    # ...
  zookeeper:
    # ...

  2. Create or update the resource:

    kubectl apply -f <kafka_configuration_file>

  3. Create new topics or reassign existing partitions to the new disks.

    Tip
    		 Cruise Control is an effective tool for reassigning partitions. To perform an intra-broker disk balance, you set rebalanceDisk to true under the KafkaRebalance.spec.

8.9.7. Removing volumes from JBOD storage

This procedure describes how to remove volumes from Kafka cluster configured to use JBOD storage. It cannot be applied to Kafka clusters configured to use any other storage type. The JBOD storage always has to contain at least one volume.

Important
 To avoid data loss, you have to move all partitions before removing the volumes.
Prerequisites

  • A Kubernetes cluster

  • A running Cluster Operator

  • A Kafka cluster with JBOD storage with two or more volumes

Procedure

  1. Reassign all partitions from the disks which are you going to remove. Any data in partitions still assigned to the disks which are going to be removed might be lost.

    Tip
    		 You can use the kafka-reassign-partitions.sh tool to reassign the partitions.

  2. Edit the spec.kafka.storage.volumes property in the Kafka resource. Remove one or more volumes from the volumes array. For example, remove the volumes with ids 1 and 2:

    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  name: my-cluster
spec:
  kafka:
    # ...
    storage:
      type: jbod
      volumes:
      - id: 0
        type: persistent-claim
        size: 100Gi
        deleteClaim: false
    # ...
  zookeeper:
    # ...

  3. Create or update the resource:

    kubectl apply -f <kafka_configuration_file>

8.10. Configuring CPU and memory resource limits and requests

By default, the Strimzi Cluster Operator does not specify CPU and memory resource requests and limits for its deployed operands. Ensuring an adequate allocation of resources is crucial for maintaining stability and achieving optimal performance in Kafka. The ideal resource allocation depends on your specific requirements and use cases.

It is recommended to configure CPU and memory resources for each container by setting appropriate requests and limits.

8.11. Customizing Kubernetes resources

A Strimzi deployment creates Kubernetes resources, such as Deployment, Pod, and Service resources. These resources are managed by Strimzi operators. Only the operator that is responsible for managing a particular Kubernetes resource can change that resource. If you try to manually change an operator-managed Kubernetes resource, the operator will revert your changes back.

Changing an operator-managed Kubernetes resource can be useful if you want to perform certain tasks, such as the following:

  • Adding custom labels or annotations that control how Pods are treated by Istio or other services

  • Managing how Loadbalancer-type Services are created by the cluster

To make the changes to a Kubernetes resource, you can use the template property within the spec section of various Strimzi custom resources.

Here is a list of the custom resources where you can apply the changes:

  • Kafka.spec.kafka

  • Kafka.spec.zookeeper

  • Kafka.spec.entityOperator

  • Kafka.spec.kafkaExporter

  • Kafka.spec.cruiseControl

  • KafkaNodePool.spec

  • KafkaConnect.spec

  • KafkaMirrorMaker.spec

  • KafkaMirrorMaker2.spec

  • KafkaBridge.spec

  • KafkaUser.spec

For more information about these properties, see the Strimzi Custom Resource API Reference.

The Strimzi Custom Resource API Reference provides more details about the customizable fields.

In the following example, the template property is used to modify the labels in a Kafka broker’s pod.

Example template customization
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  name: my-cluster
  labels:
    app: my-cluster
spec:
  kafka:
    # ...
    template:
      pod:
        metadata:
          labels:
            mylabel: myvalue
    # ...

8.11.1. Customizing the image pull policy

Strimzi allows you to customize the image pull policy for containers in all pods deployed by the Cluster Operator. The image pull policy is configured using the environment variable STRIMZI_IMAGE_PULL_POLICY in the Cluster Operator deployment. The STRIMZI_IMAGE_PULL_POLICY environment variable can be set to three different values:

Always

Container images are pulled from the registry every time the pod is started or restarted.

IfNotPresent

Container images are pulled from the registry only when they were not pulled before.

Never

Container images are never pulled from the registry.

Currently, the image pull policy can only be customized for all Kafka, Kafka Connect, and Kafka MirrorMaker clusters at once. Changing the policy will result in a rolling update of all your Kafka, Kafka Connect, and Kafka MirrorMaker clusters.

Additional resources

8.11.2. Applying a termination grace period

Apply a termination grace period to give a Kafka cluster enough time to shut down cleanly.

Specify the time using the terminationGracePeriodSeconds property. Add the property to the template.pod configuration of the Kafka custom resource.

The time you add will depend on the size of your Kafka cluster. The Kubernetes default for the termination grace period is 30 seconds. If you observe that your clusters are not shutting down cleanly, you can increase the termination grace period.

A termination grace period is applied every time a pod is restarted. The period begins when Kubernetes sends a term (termination) signal to the processes running in the pod. The period should reflect the amount of time required to transfer the processes of the terminating pod to another pod before they are stopped. After the period ends, a kill signal stops any processes still running in the pod.

The following example adds a termination grace period of 120 seconds to the Kafka custom resource. You can also specify the configuration in the custom resources of other Kafka components.

Example termination grace period configuration
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  name: my-cluster
spec:
  kafka:
    # ...
    template:
      pod:
        terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 120
        # ...
    # ...

8.12. Configuring pod scheduling

To avoid performance degradation caused by resource conflicts between applications scheduled on the same Kubernetes node, you can schedule Kafka pods separately from critical workloads. This can be achieved by either selecting specific nodes or dedicating a set of nodes exclusively for Kafka.

8.12.1. Specifying affinity, tolerations, and topology spread constraints

Use affinity, tolerations and topology spread constraints to schedule the pods of kafka resources onto nodes. Affinity, tolerations and topology spread constraints are configured using the affinity, tolerations, and topologySpreadConstraint properties in following resources:

  • Kafka.spec.kafka.template.pod

  • Kafka.spec.zookeeper.template.pod

  • Kafka.spec.entityOperator.template.pod

  • KafkaConnect.spec.template.pod

  • KafkaBridge.spec.template.pod

  • KafkaMirrorMaker.spec.template.pod

  • KafkaMirrorMaker2.spec.template.pod

The format of the affinity, tolerations, and topologySpreadConstraint properties follows the Kubernetes specification. The affinity configuration can include different types of affinity:

  • Pod affinity and anti-affinity

  • Node affinity

Additional resources
Use pod anti-affinity to avoid critical applications sharing nodes

Use pod anti-affinity to ensure that critical applications are never scheduled on the same disk. When running a Kafka cluster, it is recommended to use pod anti-affinity to ensure that the Kafka brokers do not share nodes with other workloads, such as databases.

Use node affinity to schedule workloads onto specific nodes

The Kubernetes cluster usually consists of many different types of worker nodes. Some are optimized for CPU heavy workloads, some for memory, while other might be optimized for storage (fast local SSDs) or network. Using different nodes helps to optimize both costs and performance. To achieve the best possible performance, it is important to allow scheduling of Strimzi components to use the right nodes.

Kubernetes uses node affinity to schedule workloads onto specific nodes. Node affinity allows you to create a scheduling constraint for the node on which the pod will be scheduled. The constraint is specified as a label selector. You can specify the label using either the built-in node label like beta.kubernetes.io/instance-type or custom labels to select the right node.

Use node affinity and tolerations for dedicated nodes

Use taints to create dedicated nodes, then schedule Kafka pods on the dedicated nodes by configuring node affinity and tolerations.

Cluster administrators can mark selected Kubernetes nodes as tainted. Nodes with taints are excluded from regular scheduling and normal pods will not be scheduled to run on them. Only services which can tolerate the taint set on the node can be scheduled on it. The only other services running on such nodes will be system services such as log collectors or software defined networks.

Running Kafka and its components on dedicated nodes can have many advantages. There will be no other applications running on the same nodes which could cause disturbance or consume the resources needed for Kafka. That can lead to improved performance and stability.

8.12.2. Configuring pod anti-affinity to schedule each Kafka broker on a different worker node

Many Kafka brokers or ZooKeeper nodes can run on the same Kubernetes worker node. If the worker node fails, they will all become unavailable at the same time. To improve reliability, you can use podAntiAffinity configuration to schedule each Kafka broker or ZooKeeper node on a different Kubernetes worker node.

Prerequisites

  • A Kubernetes cluster

  • A running Cluster Operator

Procedure

  1. Edit the affinity property in the resource specifying the cluster deployment. To make sure that no worker nodes are shared by Kafka brokers or ZooKeeper nodes, use the strimzi.io/name label. Set the topologyKey to kubernetes.io/hostname to specify that the selected pods are not scheduled on nodes with the same hostname. This will still allow the same worker node to be shared by a single Kafka broker and a single ZooKeeper node. For example:

    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
spec:
  kafka:
    # ...
    template:
      pod:
        affinity:
          podAntiAffinity:
            requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
              - labelSelector:
                  matchExpressions:
                    - key: strimzi.io/name
                      operator: In
                      values:
                        - CLUSTER-NAME-kafka
                topologyKey: "kubernetes.io/hostname"
    # ...
  zookeeper:
    # ...
    template:
      pod:
        affinity:
          podAntiAffinity:
            requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
              - labelSelector:
                  matchExpressions:
                    - key: strimzi.io/name
                      operator: In
                      values:
                        - CLUSTER-NAME-zookeeper
                topologyKey: "kubernetes.io/hostname"
    # ...

    Where CLUSTER-NAME is the name of your Kafka custom resource.

  2. If you even want to make sure that a Kafka broker and ZooKeeper node do not share the same worker node, use the strimzi.io/cluster label. For example:

    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
spec:
  kafka:
    # ...
    template:
      pod:
        affinity:
          podAntiAffinity:
            requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
              - labelSelector:
                  matchExpressions:
                    - key: strimzi.io/cluster
                      operator: In
                      values:
                        - CLUSTER-NAME
                topologyKey: "kubernetes.io/hostname"
    # ...
  zookeeper:
    # ...
    template:
      pod:
        affinity:
          podAntiAffinity:
            requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
              - labelSelector:
                  matchExpressions:
                    - key: strimzi.io/cluster
                      operator: In
                      values:
                        - CLUSTER-NAME
                topologyKey: "kubernetes.io/hostname"
    # ...

    Where CLUSTER-NAME is the name of your Kafka custom resource.

  3. Create or update the resource.

    kubectl apply -f <kafka_configuration_file>

8.12.3. Configuring pod anti-affinity in Kafka components

Pod anti-affinity configuration helps with the stability and performance of Kafka brokers. By using podAntiAffinity, Kubernetes will not schedule Kafka brokers on the same nodes as other workloads. Typically, you want to avoid Kafka running on the same worker node as other network or storage intensive applications such as databases, storage or other messaging platforms.

Prerequisites

  • A Kubernetes cluster

  • A running Cluster Operator

Procedure

  1. Edit the affinity property in the resource specifying the cluster deployment. Use labels to specify the pods which should not be scheduled on the same nodes. The topologyKey should be set to kubernetes.io/hostname to specify that the selected pods should not be scheduled on nodes with the same hostname. For example:

    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
spec:
  kafka:
    # ...
    template:
      pod:
        affinity:
          podAntiAffinity:
            requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
              - labelSelector:
                  matchExpressions:
                    - key: application
                      operator: In
                      values:
                        - postgresql
                        - mongodb
                topologyKey: "kubernetes.io/hostname"
    # ...
  zookeeper:
    # ...

  2. Create or update the resource.

    This can be done using kubectl apply:

    kubectl apply -f <kafka_configuration_file>

8.12.4. Configuring node affinity in Kafka components

Prerequisites

  • A Kubernetes cluster

  • A running Cluster Operator

Procedure

  1. Label the nodes where Strimzi components should be scheduled.

    This can be done using kubectl label:

    kubectl label node NAME-OF-NODE node-type=fast-network

    Alternatively, some of the existing labels might be reused.

  2. Edit the affinity property in the resource specifying the cluster deployment. For example:

    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
spec:
  kafka:
    # ...
    template:
      pod:
        affinity:
          nodeAffinity:
            requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
              nodeSelectorTerms:
                - matchExpressions:
                  - key: node-type
                    operator: In
                    values:
                    - fast-network
    # ...
  zookeeper:
    # ...

  3. Create or update the resource.

    This can be done using kubectl apply:

    kubectl apply -f <kafka_configuration_file>

8.12.5. Setting up dedicated nodes and scheduling pods on them

Prerequisites

  • A Kubernetes cluster

  • A running Cluster Operator

Procedure

  1. Select the nodes which should be used as dedicated.

  2. Make sure there are no workloads scheduled on these nodes.

  3. Set the taints on the selected nodes:

    This can be done using kubectl taint:

    kubectl taint node NAME-OF-NODE dedicated=Kafka:NoSchedule

  4. Additionally, add a label to the selected nodes as well.

    This can be done using kubectl label:

    kubectl label node NAME-OF-NODE dedicated=Kafka

  5. Edit the affinity and tolerations properties in the resource specifying the cluster deployment.

    For example:

    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
spec:
  kafka:
    # ...
    template:
      pod:
        tolerations:
          - key: "dedicated"
            operator: "Equal"
            value: "Kafka"
            effect: "NoSchedule"
        affinity:
          nodeAffinity:
            requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
              nodeSelectorTerms:
              - matchExpressions:
                - key: dedicated
                  operator: In
                  values:
                  - Kafka
    # ...
  zookeeper:
    # ...

  6. Create or update the resource.

    This can be done using kubectl apply:

    kubectl apply -f <kafka_configuration_file>

8.13. Configuring log levels

Configure logging levels in the custom resources of Kafka components and Strimzi Operators. You can specify the logging levels directly in the spec.logging property of the custom resource. Or you can define the logging properties in a ConfigMap that’s referenced in the custom resource using the configMapKeyRef property.

The advantages of using a ConfigMap are that the logging properties are maintained in one place and are accessible to more than one resource. You can also reuse the ConfigMap for more than one resource. If you are using a ConfigMap to specify loggers for Strimzi Operators, you can also append the logging specification to add filters.

You specify a logging type in your logging specification:

  • inline when specifying logging levels directly

  • external when referencing a ConfigMap

Example inline logging configuration
spec:
  # ...
  logging:
    type: inline
    loggers:
      kafka.root.logger.level: INFO
Example external logging configuration
spec:
  # ...
  logging:
    type: external
    valueFrom:
      configMapKeyRef:
        name: my-config-map
        key: my-config-map-key

Values for the name and key of the ConfigMap are mandatory. Default logging is used if the name or key is not set.

8.13.1. Logging options for Kafka components and operators

For more information on configuring logging for specific Kafka components or operators, see the following sections.

Kafka component logging
Operator logging

8.13.2. Creating a ConfigMap for logging

To use a ConfigMap to define logging properties, you create the ConfigMap and then reference it as part of the logging definition in the spec of a resource.

The ConfigMap must contain the appropriate logging configuration.

  • log4j.properties for Kafka components, ZooKeeper, and the Kafka Bridge

  • log4j2.properties for the Topic Operator and User Operator

The configuration must be placed under these properties.

In this procedure a ConfigMap defines a root logger for a Kafka resource.

Procedure

  1. Create the ConfigMap.

    You can create the ConfigMap as a YAML file or from a properties file.

    ConfigMap example with a root logger definition for Kafka:

    kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: logging-configmap
data:
  log4j.properties:
    kafka.root.logger.level="INFO"

    If you are using a properties file, specify the file at the command line:

    kubectl create configmap logging-configmap --from-file=log4j.properties

    The properties file defines the logging configuration:

    # Define the logger
kafka.root.logger.level="INFO"
# ...

  2. Define external logging in the spec of the resource, setting the logging.valueFrom.configMapKeyRef.name to the name of the ConfigMap and logging.valueFrom.configMapKeyRef.key to the key in this ConfigMap.

    spec:
  # ...
  logging:
    type: external
    valueFrom:
      configMapKeyRef:
        name: logging-configmap
        key: log4j.properties

  3. Create or update the resource.

    kubectl apply -f <kafka_configuration_file>

8.13.3. Adding logging filters to Operators

If you are using a ConfigMap to configure the (log4j2) logging levels for Strimzi Operators, you can also define logging filters to limit what’s returned in the log.

Logging filters are useful when you have a large number of logging messages. Suppose you set the log level for the logger as DEBUG (rootLogger.level="DEBUG"). Logging filters reduce the number of logs returned for the logger at that level, so you can focus on a specific resource. When the filter is set, only log messages matching the filter are logged.

Filters use markers to specify what to include in the log. You specify a kind, namespace and name for the marker. For example, if a Kafka cluster is failing, you can isolate the logs by specifying the kind as Kafka, and use the namespace and name of the failing cluster.

This example shows a marker filter for a Kafka cluster named my-kafka-cluster.

Basic logging filter configuration
rootLogger.level="INFO"
appender.console.filter.filter1.type=MarkerFilter (1)
appender.console.filter.filter1.onMatch=ACCEPT (2)
appender.console.filter.filter1.onMismatch=DENY (3)
appender.console.filter.filter1.marker=Kafka(my-namespace/my-kafka-cluster) (4)

  1. The MarkerFilter type compares a specified marker for filtering.

  2. The onMatch property accepts the log if the marker matches.

  3. The onMismatch property rejects the log if the marker does not match.

  4. The marker used for filtering is in the format KIND(NAMESPACE/NAME-OF-RESOURCE).

You can create one or more filters. Here, the log is filtered for two Kafka clusters.

Multiple logging filter configuration
appender.console.filter.filter1.type=MarkerFilter
appender.console.filter.filter1.onMatch=ACCEPT
appender.console.filter.filter1.onMismatch=DENY
appender.console.filter.filter1.marker=Kafka(my-namespace/my-kafka-cluster-1)
appender.console.filter.filter2.type=MarkerFilter
appender.console.filter.filter2.onMatch=ACCEPT
appender.console.filter.filter2.onMismatch=DENY
appender.console.filter.filter2.marker=Kafka(my-namespace/my-kafka-cluster-2)
Adding filters to the Cluster Operator

To add filters to the Cluster Operator, update its logging ConfigMap YAML file (install/cluster-operator/050-ConfigMap-strimzi-cluster-operator.yaml).

Procedure

  1. Update the 050-ConfigMap-strimzi-cluster-operator.yaml file to add the filter properties to the ConfigMap.

    In this example, the filter properties return logs only for the my-kafka-cluster Kafka cluster:

    kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: strimzi-cluster-operator
data:
  log4j2.properties:
    #...
    appender.console.filter.filter1.type=MarkerFilter
    appender.console.filter.filter1.onMatch=ACCEPT
    appender.console.filter.filter1.onMismatch=DENY
    appender.console.filter.filter1.marker=Kafka(my-namespace/my-kafka-cluster)

    Alternatively, edit the ConfigMap directly:

    kubectl edit configmap strimzi-cluster-operator

  2. If you updated the YAML file instead of editing the ConfigMap directly, apply the changes by deploying the ConfigMap:

    kubectl create -f install/cluster-operator/050-ConfigMap-strimzi-cluster-operator.yaml
Adding filters to the Topic Operator or User Operator

To add filters to the Topic Operator or User Operator, create or edit a logging ConfigMap.

In this procedure a logging ConfigMap is created with filters for the Topic Operator. The same approach is used for the User Operator.

Procedure

  1. Create the ConfigMap.

    You can create the ConfigMap as a YAML file or from a properties file.

    In this example, the filter properties return logs only for the my-topic topic:

    kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: logging-configmap
data:
  log4j2.properties:
    rootLogger.level="INFO"
    appender.console.filter.filter1.type=MarkerFilter
    appender.console.filter.filter1.onMatch=ACCEPT
    appender.console.filter.filter1.onMismatch=DENY
    appender.console.filter.filter1.marker=KafkaTopic(my-namespace/my-topic)

    If you are using a properties file, specify the file at the command line:

    kubectl create configmap logging-configmap --from-file=log4j2.properties

    The properties file defines the logging configuration:

    # Define the logger
rootLogger.level="INFO"
# Set the filters
appender.console.filter.filter1.type=MarkerFilter
appender.console.filter.filter1.onMatch=ACCEPT
appender.console.filter.filter1.onMismatch=DENY
appender.console.filter.filter1.marker=KafkaTopic(my-namespace/my-topic)
# ...

  2. Define external logging in the spec of the resource, setting the logging.valueFrom.configMapKeyRef.name to the name of the ConfigMap and logging.valueFrom.configMapKeyRef.key to the key in this ConfigMap.

    For the Topic Operator, logging is specified in the topicOperator configuration of the Kafka resource.

    spec:
  # ...
  entityOperator:
    topicOperator:
      logging:
        type: external
        valueFrom:
          configMapKeyRef:
            name: logging-configmap
            key: log4j2.properties

  3. Apply the changes by deploying the Cluster Operator:

create -f install/cluster-operator -n my-cluster-operator-namespace
Additional resources

8.14. Using ConfigMaps to add configuration

Add specific configuration to your Strimzi deployment using ConfigMap resources. ConfigMaps use key-value pairs to store non-confidential data. Configuration data added to ConfigMaps is maintained in one place and can be reused amongst components.

ConfigMaps can only store the following types of configuration data:

  • Logging configuration

  • Metrics configuration

  • External configuration for Kafka Connect connectors

You can’t use ConfigMaps for other areas of configuration.

When you configure a component, you can add a reference to a ConfigMap using the configMapKeyRef property.

For example, you can use configMapKeyRef to reference a ConfigMap that provides configuration for logging. You might use a ConfigMap to pass a Log4j configuration file. You add the reference to the logging configuration.

Example ConfigMap for logging
spec:
  # ...
  logging:
    type: external
    valueFrom:
      configMapKeyRef:
        name: my-config-map
        key: my-config-map-key

To use a ConfigMap for metrics configuration, you add a reference to the metricsConfig configuration of the component in the same way.

ExternalConfiguration properties make data from a ConfigMap (or Secret) mounted to a pod available as environment variables or volumes. You can use external configuration data for the connectors used by Kafka Connect. The data might be related to an external data source, providing the values needed for the connector to communicate with that data source.

For example, you can use the configMapKeyRef property to pass configuration data from a ConfigMap as an environment variable.

Example ConfigMap providing environment variable values
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaConnect
metadata:
  name: my-connect
spec:
  # ...
  externalConfiguration:
    env:
      - name: MY_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE
        valueFrom:
          configMapKeyRef:
            name: my-config-map
            key: my-key

If you are using ConfigMaps that are managed externally, use configuration providers to load the data in the ConfigMaps.

8.14.1. Naming custom ConfigMaps

Strimzi creates its own ConfigMaps and other resources when it is deployed to Kubernetes. The ConfigMaps contain data necessary for running components. The ConfigMaps created by Strimzi must not be edited.

Make sure that any custom ConfigMaps you create do not have the same name as these default ConfigMaps. If they have the same name, they will be overwritten. For example, if your ConfigMap has the same name as the ConfigMap for the Kafka cluster, it will be overwritten when there is an update to the Kafka cluster.

Additional resources

8.15. Loading configuration values from external sources

Use configuration providers to load configuration data from external sources. The providers operate independently of Strimzi. You can use them to load configuration data for all Kafka components, including producers and consumers. You reference the external source in the configuration of the component and provide access rights. The provider loads data without needing to restart the Kafka component or extracting files, even when referencing a new external source. For example, use providers to supply the credentials for the Kafka Connect connector configuration. The configuration must include any access rights to the external source.

8.15.1. Enabling configuration providers

You can enable one or more configuration providers using the config.providers properties in the spec configuration of a component.

Example configuration to enable a configuration provider
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaConnect
metadata:
  name: my-connect
  annotations:
    strimzi.io/use-connector-resources: "true"
spec:
  # ...
  config:
    # ...
    config.providers: env
    config.providers.env.class: io.strimzi.kafka.EnvVarConfigProvider
  # ...
KubernetesSecretConfigProvider

Loads configuration data from Kubernetes secrets. You specify the name of the secret and the key within the secret where the configuration data is stored. This provider is useful for storing sensitive configuration data like passwords or other user credentials.

KubernetesConfigMapConfigProvider

Loads configuration data from Kubernetes config maps. You specify the name of the config map and the key within the config map where the configuration data is stored. This provider is useful for storing non-sensitive configuration data.

EnvVarConfigProvider

Loads configuration data from environment variables. You specify the name of the environment variable where the configuration data is stored. This provider is useful for configuring applications running in containers, for example, to load certificates or JAAS configuration from environment variables mapped from secrets.

FileConfigProvider

Loads configuration data from a file. You specify the path to the file where the configuration data is stored. This provider is useful for loading configuration data from files that are mounted into containers.

DirectoryConfigProvider

Loads configuration data from files within a directory. You specify the path to the directory where the configuration files are stored. This provider is useful for loading multiple configuration files and for organizing configuration data into separate files.

To use KubernetesSecretConfigProvider and KubernetesConfigMapConfigProvider, which are part of the Kubernetes Configuration Provider plugin, you must set up access rights to the namespace that contains the configuration file.

You can use the other providers without setting up access rights. You can supply connector configuration for Kafka Connect or MirrorMaker 2 in this way by doing the following:

  • Mount config maps or secrets into the Kafka Connect pod as environment variables or volumes

  • Enable EnvVarConfigProvider, FileConfigProvider, or DirectoryConfigProvider in the Kafka Connect or MirrorMaker 2 configuration

  • Pass connector configuration using the externalConfiguration property in the spec of the KafkaConnect or KafkaMirrorMaker2 resource

Using providers help prevent the passing of restricted information through the Kafka Connect REST interface. You can use this approach in the following scenarios:

  • Mounting environment variables with the values a connector uses to connect and communicate with a data source

  • Mounting a properties file with values that are used to configure Kafka Connect connectors

  • Mounting files in a directory that contains values for the TLS truststore and keystore used by a connector

Note
 A restart is required when using a new Secret or ConfigMap for a connector, which can disrupt other connectors.
Additional resources

ExternalConfiguration schema reference

8.15.2. Loading configuration values from secrets or config maps

Use the KubernetesSecretConfigProvider to provide configuration properties from a secret or the KubernetesConfigMapConfigProvider to provide configuration properties from a config map.

In this procedure, a config map provides configuration properties for a connector. The properties are specified as key values of the config map. The config map is mounted into the Kafka Connect pod as a volume.

Prerequisites

  • A Kafka cluster is running.

  • The Cluster Operator is running.

  • You have a config map containing the connector configuration.

Example config map with connector properties
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: my-connector-configuration
data:
  option1: value1
  option2: value2
Procedure

  1. Configure the KafkaConnect resource.

    • Enable the KubernetesConfigMapConfigProvider

    The specification shown here can support loading values from config maps and secrets.

    Example Kafka Connect configuration to use config maps and secrets
    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaConnect
metadata:
  name: my-connect
  annotations:
    strimzi.io/use-connector-resources: "true"
spec:
  # ...
  config:
    # ...
    config.providers: secrets,configmaps # (1)
    config.providers.configmaps.class: io.strimzi.kafka.KubernetesConfigMapConfigProvider # (2)
    config.providers.secrets.class: io.strimzi.kafka.KubernetesSecretConfigProvider # (3)
  # ...

    1. The alias for the configuration provider is used to define other configuration parameters. The provider parameters use the alias from config.providers, taking the form config.providers.${alias}.class.

    2. KubernetesConfigMapConfigProvider provides values from config maps.

    3. KubernetesSecretConfigProvider provides values from secrets.

  2. Create or update the resource to enable the provider.

    kubectl apply -f <kafka_connect_configuration_file>

  3. Create a role that permits access to the values in the external config map.

    Example role to access values from a config map
    apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: Role
metadata:
  name: connector-configuration-role
rules:
- apiGroups: [""]
  resources: ["configmaps"]
  resourceNames: ["my-connector-configuration"]
  verbs: ["get"]
# ...

    The rule gives the role permission to access the my-connector-configuration config map.

  4. Create a role binding to permit access to the namespace that contains the config map.

    Example role binding to access the namespace that contains the config map
    apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
  name: connector-configuration-role-binding
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: my-connect-connect
  namespace: my-project
roleRef:
  kind: Role
  name: connector-configuration-role
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
# ...

    The role binding gives the role permission to access the my-project namespace.

    The service account must be the same one used by the Kafka Connect deployment. The service account name format is <cluster_name>-connect, where <cluster_name> is the name of the KafkaConnect custom resource.

  5. Reference the config map in the connector configuration.

    Example connector configuration referencing the config map
    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaConnector
metadata:
  name: my-connector
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-connect
spec:
  # ...
  config:
    option: ${configmaps:my-project/my-connector-configuration:option1}
    # ...
# ...

    The placeholder structure is configmaps:<path_and_file_name>:<property>. KubernetesConfigMapConfigProvider reads and extracts the option1 property value from the external config map.

8.15.3. Loading configuration values from environment variables

Use the EnvVarConfigProvider to provide configuration properties as environment variables. Environment variables can contain values from config maps or secrets.

In this procedure, environment variables provide configuration properties for a connector to communicate with Amazon AWS. The connector must be able to read the AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID and AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY. The values of the environment variables are derived from a secret mounted into the Kafka Connect pod.

Note
 The names of user-defined environment variables cannot start with KAFKA_ or STRIMZI_.
Prerequisites

  • A Kafka cluster is running.

  • The Cluster Operator is running.

  • You have a secret containing the connector configuration.

Example secret with values for environment variables
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: aws-creds
type: Opaque
data:
  awsAccessKey: QUtJQVhYWFhYWFhYWFhYWFg=
  awsSecretAccessKey: Ylhsd1lYTnpkMjl5WkE=
Procedure

  1. Configure the KafkaConnect resource.

    • Enable the EnvVarConfigProvider

    • Specify the environment variables using the externalConfiguration property.

    Example Kafka Connect configuration to use external environment variables
    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaConnect
metadata:
  name: my-connect
  annotations:
    strimzi.io/use-connector-resources: "true"
spec:
  # ...
  config:
    # ...
    config.providers: env # (1)
    config.providers.env.class: io.strimzi.kafka.EnvVarConfigProvider # (2)
  # ...
  externalConfiguration:
    env:
      - name: AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID # (3)
        valueFrom:
          secretKeyRef:
            name: aws-creds # (4)
            key: awsAccessKey # (5)
      - name: AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY
        valueFrom:
          secretKeyRef:
            name: aws-creds
            key: awsSecretAccessKey
  # ...

    1. The alias for the configuration provider is used to define other configuration parameters. The provider parameters use the alias from config.providers, taking the form config.providers.${alias}.class.

    2. EnvVarConfigProvider provides values from environment variables.

    3. The environment variable takes a value from the secret.

    4. The name of the secret containing the environment variable.

    5. The name of the key stored in the secret.

    Note
    		 The secretKeyRef property references keys in a secret. If you are using a config map instead of a secret, use the configMapKeyRef property.

  2. Create or update the resource to enable the provider.

    kubectl apply -f <kafka_connect_configuration_file>

  3. Reference the environment variable in the connector configuration.

    Example connector configuration referencing the environment variable
    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaConnector
metadata:
  name: my-connector
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-connect
spec:
  # ...
  config:
    option: ${env:AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID}
    option: ${env:AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY}
    # ...
# ...

    The placeholder structure is env:<environment_variable_name>. EnvVarConfigProvider reads and extracts the environment variable values from the mounted secret.

8.15.4. Loading configuration values from a file within a directory

Use the FileConfigProvider to provide configuration properties from a file within a directory. Files can be config maps or secrets.

In this procedure, a file provides configuration properties for a connector. A database name and password are specified as properties of a secret. The secret is mounted to the Kafka Connect pod as a volume. Volumes are mounted on the path /opt/kafka/external-configuration/<volume-name>.

Prerequisites

  • A Kafka cluster is running.

  • The Cluster Operator is running.

  • You have a secret containing the connector configuration.

Example secret with database properties
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: mysecret
type: Opaque
stringData:
  connector.properties: |- # (1)
    dbUsername: my-username # (2)
    dbPassword: my-password

  1. The connector configuration in properties file format.

  2. Database username and password properties used in the configuration.

Procedure

  1. Configure the KafkaConnect resource.

    • Enable the FileConfigProvider

    • Specify the file using the externalConfiguration property.

    Example Kafka Connect configuration to use an external property file
    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaConnect
metadata:
  name: my-connect
spec:
  # ...
  config:
    config.providers: file # (1)
    config.providers.file.class: org.apache.kafka.common.config.provider.FileConfigProvider # (2)
  #...
  externalConfiguration:
    volumes:
      - name: connector-config # (3)
        secret:
          secretName: mysecret # (4)

    1. The alias for the configuration provider is used to define other configuration parameters.

    2. FileConfigProvider provides values from properties files. The parameter uses the alias from config.providers, taking the form config.providers.${alias}.class.

    3. The name of the volume containing the secret.

    4. The name of the secret.

  2. Create or update the resource to enable the provider.

    kubectl apply -f <kafka_connect_configuration_file>

  3. Reference the file properties in the connector configuration as placeholders.

    Example connector configuration referencing the file
    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaConnector
metadata:
  name: my-source-connector
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-connect-cluster
spec:
  class: io.debezium.connector.mysql.MySqlConnector
  tasksMax: 2
  config:
    database.hostname: 192.168.99.1
    database.port: "3306"
    database.user: "${file:/opt/kafka/external-configuration/connector-config/mysecret:dbUsername}"
    database.password: "${file:/opt/kafka/external-configuration/connector-config/mysecret:dbPassword}"
    database.server.id: "184054"
    #...

    The placeholder structure is file:<path_and_file_name>:<property>. FileConfigProvider reads and extracts the database username and password property values from the mounted secret.

8.15.5. Loading configuration values from multiple files within a directory

Use the DirectoryConfigProvider to provide configuration properties from multiple files within a directory. Files can be config maps or secrets.

In this procedure, a secret provides the TLS keystore and truststore user credentials for a connector. The credentials are in separate files. The secrets are mounted into the Kafka Connect pod as volumes. Volumes are mounted on the path /opt/kafka/external-configuration/<volume-name>.

Prerequisites

  • A Kafka cluster is running.

  • The Cluster Operator is running.

  • You have a secret containing the user credentials.

Example secret with user credentials
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: my-user
  labels:
    strimzi.io/kind: KafkaUser
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster
type: Opaque
data:
  ca.crt: <public_key> # Public key of the clients CA
  user.crt: <user_certificate> # Public key of the user
  user.key: <user_private_key> # Private key of the user
  user.p12: <store> # PKCS #12 store for user certificates and keys
  user.password: <password_for_store> # Protects the PKCS #12 store

The my-user secret provides the keystore credentials (user.crt and user.key) for the connector.

The <cluster_name>-cluster-ca-cert secret generated when deploying the Kafka cluster provides the cluster CA certificate as truststore credentials (ca.crt).

Procedure

  1. Configure the KafkaConnect resource.

    • Enable the DirectoryConfigProvider

    • Specify the files using the externalConfiguration property.

    Example Kafka Connect configuration to use external property files
    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaConnect
metadata:
  name: my-connect
spec:
  # ...
  config:
    config.providers: directory # (1)
    config.providers.directory.class: org.apache.kafka.common.config.provider.DirectoryConfigProvider # (2)
  #...
  externalConfiguration:
    volumes: # (3)
      - name: cluster-ca # (4)
        secret:
          secretName: my-cluster-cluster-ca-cert # (5)
      - name: my-user
        secret:
          secretName: my-user # (6)

    1. The alias for the configuration provider is used to define other configuration parameters.

    2. DirectoryConfigProvider provides values from files in a directory. The parameter uses the alias from config.providers, taking the form config.providers.${alias}.class.

    3. The names of the volumes containing the secrets.

    4. The name of the secret for the cluster CA certificate to supply truststore configuration.

    5. The name of the secret for the user to supply keystore configuration.

  2. Create or update the resource to enable the provider.

    kubectl apply -f <kafka_connect_configuration_file>

  3. Reference the file properties in the connector configuration as placeholders.

    Example connector configuration referencing the files
    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaConnector
metadata:
  name: my-source-connector
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-connect-cluster
spec:
  class: io.debezium.connector.mysql.MySqlConnector
  tasksMax: 2
  config:
    # ...
    database.history.producer.security.protocol: SSL
    database.history.producer.ssl.truststore.type: PEM
    database.history.producer.ssl.truststore.certificates: "${directory:/opt/kafka/external-configuration/cluster-ca:ca.crt}"
    database.history.producer.ssl.keystore.type: PEM
    database.history.producer.ssl.keystore.certificate.chain: "${directory:/opt/kafka/external-configuration/my-user:user.crt}"
    database.history.producer.ssl.keystore.key: "${directory:/opt/kafka/external-configuration/my-user:user.key}"
    #...

    The placeholder structure is directory:<path>:<file_name>. DirectoryConfigProvider reads and extracts the credentials from the mounted secrets.

9. Setting up client access to a Kafka cluster

After you have deployed Strimzi, you can set up client access to your Kafka cluster. To verify the deployment, you can deploy example producer and consumer clients. Otherwise, create listeners that provide client access within or outside the Kubernetes cluster.

9.1. Deploying example clients

Deploy example producer and consumer clients to send and receive messages. You can use these clients to verify a deployment of Strimzi.

Prerequisites

  • The Kafka cluster is available for the clients.

Procedure

  1. Deploy a Kafka producer.

    kubectl run kafka-producer -ti --image=quay.io/strimzi/kafka:0.36.0-kafka-3.5.0 --rm=true --restart=Never -- bin/kafka-console-producer.sh --bootstrap-server cluster-name-kafka-bootstrap:9092 --topic my-topic

  2. Type a message into the console where the producer is running.

  3. Press Enter to send the message.

  4. Deploy a Kafka consumer.

    kubectl run kafka-consumer -ti --image=quay.io/strimzi/kafka:0.36.0-kafka-3.5.0 --rm=true --restart=Never -- bin/kafka-console-consumer.sh --bootstrap-server cluster-name-kafka-bootstrap:9092 --topic my-topic --from-beginning

  5. Confirm that you see the incoming messages in the consumer console.

9.2. Configuring listeners to connect to Kafka brokers

Use listeners for client connection to Kafka brokers. Strimzi provides a generic GenericKafkaListener schema with properties to configure listeners through the Kafka resource. The GenericKafkaListener provides a flexible approach to listener configuration. You can specify properties to configure internal listeners for connecting within the Kubernetes cluster or external listeners for connecting outside the Kubernetes cluster.

Specify a connection type to expose Kafka in the listener configuration. The type chosen depends on your requirements, and your environment and infrastructure. The following listener types are supported:

Internal listeners

  • internal to connect within the same Kubernetes cluster

  • cluster-ip to expose Kafka using per-broker ClusterIP services

External listeners

  • nodeport to use ports on Kubernetes nodes

  • loadbalancer to use loadbalancer services

  • ingress to use Kubernetes Ingress and the Ingress NGINX Controller for Kubernetes (Kubernetes only)

  • route to use OpenShift Route and the default HAProxy router (OpenShift only)

Important
 Do not use ingress on OpenShift, use the route type instead. The Ingress NGINX Controller is only intended for use on Kubernetes. The route type is only supported on OpenShift.

An internal type listener configuration uses a headless service and the DNS names given to the broker pods. You might want to join your Kubernetes network to an outside network. In which case, you can configure an internal type listener (using the useServiceDnsDomain property) so that the Kubernetes service DNS domain (typically .cluster.local) is not used. You can also configure a cluster-ip type of listener that exposes a Kafka cluster based on per-broker ClusterIP services. This is a useful option when you can’t route through the headless service or you wish to incorporate a custom access mechanism. For example, you might use this listener when building your own type of external listener for a specific Ingress controller or the Kubernetes Gateway API.

External listeners handle access to a Kafka cluster from networks that require different authentication mechanisms. You can configure external listeners for client access outside a Kubernetes environment using a specified connection mechanism, such as a loadbalancer or route. For example, loadbalancers might not be suitable for certain infrastructure, such as bare metal, where node ports provide a better option.

Each listener is defined as an array in the Kafka resource.

Example listener configuration
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  name: my-cluster
spec:
  kafka:
    # ...
    listeners:
      - name: plain
        port: 9092
        type: internal
        tls: false
        configuration:
          useServiceDnsDomain: true
      - name: tls
        port: 9093
        type: internal
        tls: true
        authentication:
          type: tls
      - name: external
        port: 9094
        type: route
        tls: true
        configuration:
          brokerCertChainAndKey:
            secretName: my-secret
            certificate: my-certificate.crt
            key: my-key.key
    # ...

You can configure as many listeners as required, as long as their names and ports are unique. You can also configure listeners for secure connection using authentication.

If you want to know more about the pros and cons of each connection type, refer to Accessing Apache Kafka in Strimzi.

Note
 If you scale your Kafka cluster while using external listeners, it might trigger a rolling update of all Kafka brokers. This depends on the configuration.
Additional resources

9.3. Setting up client access to a Kafka cluster using listeners

Using the address of the Kafka cluster, you can provide access to a client in the same Kubernetes cluster; or provide external access to a client on a different Kubernetes namespace or outside Kubernetes entirely. This procedure shows how to configure client access to a Kafka cluster from outside Kubernetes or from another Kubernetes cluster.

A Kafka listener provides access to the Kafka cluster. Client access is secured using the following configuration:

  1. An external listener is configured for the Kafka cluster, with TLS encryption and mTLS authentication, and Kafka simple authorization enabled.

  2. A KafkaUser is created for the client, with mTLS authentication, and Access Control Lists (ACLs) defined for simple authorization.

You can configure your listener to use mutual tls, scram-sha-512, or oauth authentication. mTLS always uses encryption, but encryption is also recommended when using SCRAM-SHA-512 and OAuth 2.0 authentication.

You can configure simple, oauth, opa, or custom authorization for Kafka brokers. When enabled, authorization is applied to all enabled listeners.

When you configure the KafkaUser authentication and authorization mechanisms, ensure they match the equivalent Kafka configuration:

  • KafkaUser.spec.authentication matches Kafka.spec.kafka.listeners[*].authentication

  • KafkaUser.spec.authorization matches Kafka.spec.kafka.authorization

You should have at least one listener supporting the authentication you want to use for the KafkaUser.

Note
 Authentication between Kafka users and Kafka brokers depends on the authentication settings for each. For example, it is not possible to authenticate a user with mTLS if it is not also enabled in the Kafka configuration.

Strimzi operators automate the configuration process and create the certificates required for authentication:

  • The Cluster Operator creates the listeners and sets up the cluster and client certificate authority (CA) certificates to enable authentication with the Kafka cluster.

  • The User Operator creates the user representing the client and the security credentials used for client authentication, based on the chosen authentication type.

You add the certificates to your client configuration.

In this procedure, the CA certificates generated by the Cluster Operator are used, but you can replace them by installing your own certificates. You can also configure your listener to use a Kafka listener certificate managed by an external CA (certificate authority).

Certificates are available in PEM (.crt) and PKCS #12 (.p12) formats. This procedure uses PEM certificates. Use PEM certificates with clients that use certificates in X.509 format.

Note
 For internal clients in the same Kubernetes cluster and namespace, you can mount the cluster CA certificate in the pod specification. For more information, see Configuring internal clients to trust the cluster CA.
Prerequisites

  • The Kafka cluster is available for connection by a client running outside the Kubernetes cluster

  • The Cluster Operator and User Operator are running in the cluster

Procedure

  1. Configure the Kafka cluster with a Kafka listener.

    • Define the authentication required to access the Kafka broker through the listener.

    • Enable authorization on the Kafka broker.

      Example listener configuration
      apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  name: my-cluster
  namespace: myproject
spec:
  kafka:
    # ...
    listeners: # (1)
    - name: external # (2)
      port: 9094 (3)
      type: <listener_type> # (4)
      tls: true # (5)
      authentication:
        type: tls # (6)
      configuration: # (7)
        #...
    authorization: # (8)
      type: simple
      superUsers:
        - super-user-name # (9)
  # ...

      1. Configuration options for enabling external listeners are described in the Generic Kafka listener schema reference.

      2. Name to identify the listener. Must be unique within the Kafka cluster.

      3. Port number used by the listener inside Kafka. The port number has to be unique within a given Kafka cluster. Allowed port numbers are 9092 and higher with the exception of ports 9404 and 9999, which are already used for Prometheus and JMX. Depending on the listener type, the port number might not be the same as the port number that connects Kafka clients.

      4. External listener type specified as route (OpenShift only), loadbalancer, nodeport or ingress (Kubernetes only). An internal listener is specified as internal or cluster-ip.

      5. Required. TLS encryption on the listener. For route and ingress type listeners it must be set to true. For mTLS authentication, also use the authentication property.

      6. Client authentication mechanism on the listener. For server and client authentication using mTLS, you specify tls: true and authentication.type: tls.

      7. (Optional) Depending on the requirements of the listener type, you can specify additional listener configuration.

      8. Authorization specified as simple, which uses the AclAuthorizer Kafka plugin.

      9. (Optional) Super users can access all brokers regardless of any access restrictions defined in ACLs.

      Warning
      		 An OpenShift Route address comprises the name of the Kafka cluster, the name of the listener, and the name of the namespace it is created in. For example, my-cluster-kafka-listener1-bootstrap-myproject (CLUSTER-NAME-kafka-LISTENER-NAME-bootstrap-NAMESPACE). If you are using a route listener type, be careful that the whole length of the address does not exceed a maximum limit of 63 characters.

  2. Create or update the Kafka resource.

    kubectl apply -f <kafka_configuration_file>

    The Kafka cluster is configured with a Kafka broker listener using mTLS authentication.

    A service is created for each Kafka broker pod.

    A service is created to serve as the bootstrap address for connection to the Kafka cluster.

    A service is also created as the external bootstrap address for external connection to the Kafka cluster using nodeport listeners.

    The cluster CA certificate to verify the identity of the kafka brokers is also created in the secret <cluster_name>-cluster-ca-cert.

    Note
    		 If you scale your Kafka cluster while using external listeners, it might trigger a rolling update of all Kafka brokers. This depends on the configuration.

  3. Retrieve the bootstrap address you can use to access the Kafka cluster from the status of the Kafka resource.

    kubectl get kafka <kafka_cluster_name> -o=jsonpath='{.status.listeners[?(@.name=="<listener_name>")].bootstrapServers}{"\n"}'

    For example:

    kubectl get kafka my-cluster -o=jsonpath='{.status.listeners[?(@.name=="external")].bootstrapServers}{"\n"}'

    Use the bootstrap address in your Kafka client to connect to the Kafka cluster.

  4. Create or modify a user representing the client that requires access to the Kafka cluster.

    • Specify the same authentication type as the Kafka listener.

    • Specify the authorization ACLs for simple authorization.

      Example user configuration
      apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaUser
metadata:
  name: my-user
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster # (1)
spec:
  authentication:
    type: tls # (2)
  authorization:
    type: simple
    acls: # (3)
      - resource:
          type: topic
          name: my-topic
          patternType: literal
        operations:
          - Describe
          - Read
      - resource:
          type: group
          name: my-group
          patternType: literal
        operations:
          - Read

      1. The label must match the label of the Kafka cluster.

      2. Authentication specified as mutual tls.

      3. Simple authorization requires an accompanying list of ACL rules to apply to the user. The rules define the operations allowed on Kafka resources based on the username (my-user).

  5. Create or modify the KafkaUser resource.

    kubectl apply -f USER-CONFIG-FILE

    The user is created, as well as a secret with the same name as the KafkaUser resource. The secret contains a public and private key for mTLS authentication.

    Example secret
    apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: my-user
  labels:
    strimzi.io/kind: KafkaUser
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster
type: Opaque
data:
  ca.crt: <public_key> # Public key of the clients CA
  user.crt: <user_certificate> # Public key of the user
  user.key: <user_private_key> # Private key of the user
  user.p12: <store> # PKCS #12 store for user certificates and keys
  user.password: <password_for_store> # Protects the PKCS #12 store

  6. Extract the cluster CA certificate from the <cluster_name>-cluster-ca-cert secret of the Kafka cluster.

    kubectl get secret <cluster_name>-cluster-ca-cert -o jsonpath='{.data.ca\.crt}' | base64 -d > ca.crt

  7. Extract the user CA certificate from the <user_name> secret.

    kubectl get secret <user_name> -o jsonpath='{.data.user\.crt}' | base64 -d > user.crt

  8. Extract the private key of the user from the <user_name> secret.

    kubectl get secret <user_name> -o jsonpath='{.data.user\.key}' | base64 -d > user.key

  9. Configure your client with the bootstrap address hostname and port for connecting to the Kafka cluster:

    props.put(ConsumerConfig.BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS_CONFIG, "<hostname>:<port>");

  10. Configure your client with the truststore credentials to verify the identity of the Kafka cluster.

    Specify the public cluster CA certificate.

    Example truststore configuration
    props.put(CommonClientConfigs.SECURITY_PROTOCOL_CONFIG, "SSL");
props.put(SslConfigs.SSL_TRUSTSTORE_TYPE_CONFIG, "PEM");
props.put(SslConfigs.SSL_TRUSTSTORE_CERTIFICATES_CONFIG, "<ca.crt_file_content>");

    SSL is the specified security protocol for mTLS authentication. Specify SASL_SSL for SCRAM-SHA-512 authentication over TLS. PEM is the file format of the truststore.

  11. Configure your client with the keystore credentials to verify the user when connecting to the Kafka cluster.

    Specify the public certificate and private key.

    Example keystore configuration
    props.put(CommonClientConfigs.SECURITY_PROTOCOL_CONFIG, "SSL");
props.put(SslConfigs.SSL_KEYSTORE_TYPE_CONFIG, "PEM");
props.put(SslConfigs.SSL_KEYSTORE_CERTIFICATE_CHAIN_CONFIG, "<user.crt_file_content>");
props.put(SslConfigs.SSL_KEYSTORE_KEY_CONFIG, "<user.key_file_content>");

    Add the keystore certificate and the private key directly to the configuration. Add as a single-line format. Between the BEGIN CERTIFICATE and END CERTIFICATE delimiters, start with a newline character (\n). End each line from the original certificate with \n too.

    Example keystore configuration
    props.put(SslConfigs.SSL_KEYSTORE_CERTIFICATE_CHAIN_CONFIG, "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- \n<user_certificate_content_line_1>\n<user_certificate_content_line_n>\n-----END CERTIFICATE---");
props.put(SslConfigs.SSL_KEYSTORE_KEY_CONFIG, "----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----\n<user_key_content_line_1>\n<user_key_content_line_n>\n-----END PRIVATE KEY-----");
    Additional resources

9.4. Accessing Kafka using node ports

Use node ports to access a Strimzi Kafka cluster from an external client outside the Kubernetes cluster.

To connect to a broker, you specify a hostname and port number for the Kafka bootstrap address, as well as the certificate used for TLS encryption.

The procedure shows basic nodeport listener configuration. You can use listener properties to enable TLS encryption (tls) and specify a client authentication mechanism (authentication). Add additional configuration using configuration properties. For example, you can use the following configuration properties with nodeport listeners:

preferredNodePortAddressType

Specifies the first address type that’s checked as the node address.

externalTrafficPolicy

Specifies whether the service routes external traffic to node-local or cluster-wide endpoints.

nodePort

Overrides the assigned node port numbers for the bootstrap and broker services.

For more information on listener configuration, see the GenericKafkaListener schema reference.

Prerequisites

  • A running Cluster Operator

In this procedure, the Kafka cluster name is my-cluster. The name of the listener is external.

Procedure

  1. Configure a Kafka resource with an external listener set to the nodeport type.

    For example:

    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  labels:
    app: my-cluster
  name: my-cluster
  namespace: myproject
spec:
  kafka:
    # ...
    listeners:
      - name: external
        port: 9094
        type: nodeport
        tls: true
        authentication:
          type: tls
        # ...
    # ...
  zookeeper:
    # ...

  2. Create or update the resource.

    kubectl apply -f <kafka_configuration_file>

    A cluster CA certificate to verify the identity of the kafka brokers is created in the secret my-cluster-cluster-ca-cert.

    NodePort type services are created for each Kafka broker, as well as an external bootstrap service.

    Node port services created for the bootstrap and brokers
    NAME                                 TYPE      CLUSTER-IP      PORT(S)
my-cluster-kafka-external-0          NodePort  172.30.55.13    9094:31789/TCP
my-cluster-kafka-external-1          NodePort  172.30.250.248  9094:30028/TCP
my-cluster-kafka-external-2          NodePort  172.30.115.81   9094:32650/TCP
my-cluster-kafka-external-bootstrap  NodePort  172.30.30.23    9094:32650/TCP

    The bootstrap address used for client connection is propagated to the status of the Kafka resource.

    Example status for the bootstrap address
    status:
  clusterId: Y_RJQDGKRXmNF7fEcWldJQ
  conditions:
    - lastTransitionTime: '2023-01-31T14:59:37.113630Z'
      status: 'True'
      type: Ready
  listeners:
    # ...
    - addresses:
        - host: ip-10-0-224-199.us-west-2.compute.internal
          port: 32650
      bootstrapServers: 'ip-10-0-224-199.us-west-2.compute.internal:32650'
      certificates:
        - |
          -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----

          -----END CERTIFICATE-----
      name: external
      type: external
  observedGeneration: 2
 # ...

  3. Retrieve the bootstrap address you can use to access the Kafka cluster from the status of the Kafka resource.

    kubectl get kafka my-cluster -o=jsonpath='{.status.listeners[?(@.name=="external")].bootstrapServers}{"\n"}'

ip-10-0-224-199.us-west-2.compute.internal:32650

  4. Extract the cluster CA certificate.

    kubectl get secret my-cluster-cluster-ca-cert -o jsonpath='{.data.ca\.crt}' | base64 -d > ca.crt

  5. Configure your client to connect to the brokers.

    1. Specify the bootstrap host and port in your Kafka client as the bootstrap address to connect to the Kafka cluster. For example, ip-10-0-224-199.us-west-2.compute.internal:32650.

    2. Add the extracted certificate to the truststore of your Kafka client to configure a TLS connection.

      If you enabled a client authentication mechanism, you will also need to configure it in your client.

Note
 If you are using your own listener certificates, check whether you need to add the CA certificate to the client’s truststore configuration. If it is a public (external) CA, you usually won’t need to add it.

9.5. Accessing Kafka using loadbalancers

Use loadbalancers to access a Strimzi Kafka cluster from an external client outside the Kubernetes cluster.

To connect to a broker, you specify a hostname and port number for the Kafka bootstrap address, as well as the certificate used for TLS encryption.

The procedure shows basic loadbalancer listener configuration. You can use listener properties to enable TLS encryption (tls) and specify a client authentication mechanism (authentication). Add additional configuration using configuration properties. For example, you can use the following configuration properties with loadbalancer listeners:

loadBalancerSourceRanges

Restricts traffic to a specified list of CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) ranges.

externalTrafficPolicy

Specifies whether the service routes external traffic to node-local or cluster-wide endpoints.

loadBalancerIP

Requests a specific IP address when creating a loadbalancer.

For more information on listener configuration, see the GenericKafkaListener schema reference.

Prerequisites

  • A running Cluster Operator

In this procedure, the Kafka cluster name is my-cluster. The name of the listener is external.

Procedure

  1. Configure a Kafka resource with an external listener set to the loadbalancer type.

    For example:

    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  labels:
    app: my-cluster
  name: my-cluster
  namespace: myproject
spec:
  kafka:
    # ...
    listeners:
      - name: external
        port: 9095
        type: loadbalancer
        tls: true
        authentication:
          type: tls
        # ...
    # ...
  zookeeper:
    # ...

  2. Create or update the resource.

    kubectl apply -f <kafka_configuration_file>

    A cluster CA certificate to verify the identity of the kafka brokers is also created in the secret my-cluster-cluster-ca-cert.

    loadbalancer type services and loadbalancers are created for each Kafka broker, as well as an external bootstrap service.

    Loadbalancer services and loadbalancers created for the bootstraps and brokers
    NAME                                  TYPE            CLUSTER-IP      PORT(S)
my-cluster-kafka-external-0          LoadBalancer     172.30.204.234  9095:30011/TCP
my-cluster-kafka-external-1          LoadBalancer     172.30.164.89   9095:32544/TCP
my-cluster-kafka-external-2          LoadBalancer     172.30.73.151   9095:32504/TCP
my-cluster-kafka-external-bootstrap  LoadBalancer     172.30.30.228   9095:30371/TCP

NAME                                 EXTERNAL-IP (loadbalancer)
my-cluster-kafka-external-0          a8a519e464b924000b6c0f0a05e19f0d-1132975133.us-west-2.elb.amazonaws.com
my-cluster-kafka-external-1          ab6adc22b556343afb0db5ea05d07347-611832211.us-west-2.elb.amazonaws.com
my-cluster-kafka-external-2          a9173e8ccb1914778aeb17eca98713c0-777597560.us-west-2.elb.amazonaws.com
my-cluster-kafka-external-bootstrap  a8d4a6fb363bf447fb6e475fc3040176-36312313.us-west-2.elb.amazonaws.com

    The bootstrap address used for client connection is propagated to the status of the Kafka resource.

    Example status for the bootstrap address
    status:
  clusterId: Y_RJQDGKRXmNF7fEcWldJQ
  conditions:
    - lastTransitionTime: '2023-01-31T14:59:37.113630Z'
      status: 'True'
      type: Ready
  listeners:
    # ...
    - addresses:
        - host: >-
            a8d4a6fb363bf447fb6e475fc3040176-36312313.us-west-2.elb.amazonaws.com
          port: 9095
      bootstrapServers: >-
        a8d4a6fb363bf447fb6e475fc3040176-36312313.us-west-2.elb.amazonaws.com:9095
      certificates:
        - |
          -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----

          -----END CERTIFICATE-----
      name: external
      type: external
  observedGeneration: 2
 # ...

    The DNS addresses used for client connection are propagated to the status of each loadbalancer service.

    Example status for the bootstrap loadbalancer
    status:
  loadBalancer:
    ingress:
      - hostname: >-
          a8d4a6fb363bf447fb6e475fc3040176-36312313.us-west-2.elb.amazonaws.com
 # ...

  3. Retrieve the bootstrap address you can use to access the Kafka cluster from the status of the Kafka resource.

    kubectl get kafka my-cluster -o=jsonpath='{.status.listeners[?(@.name=="external")].bootstrapServers}{"\n"}'

a8d4a6fb363bf447fb6e475fc3040176-36312313.us-west-2.elb.amazonaws.com:9095

  4. Extract the cluster CA certificate.

    kubectl get secret my-cluster-cluster-ca-cert -o jsonpath='{.data.ca\.crt}' | base64 -d > ca.crt

  5. Configure your client to connect to the brokers.

    1. Specify the bootstrap host and port in your Kafka client as the bootstrap address to connect to the Kafka cluster. For example, a8d4a6fb363bf447fb6e475fc3040176-36312313.us-west-2.elb.amazonaws.com:9095.

    2. Add the extracted certificate to the truststore of your Kafka client to configure a TLS connection.

      If you enabled a client authentication mechanism, you will also need to configure it in your client.

Note
 If you are using your own listener certificates, check whether you need to add the CA certificate to the client’s truststore configuration. If it is a public (external) CA, you usually won’t need to add it.

9.6. Accessing Kafka using an Ingress NGINX Controller for Kubernetes

Use an Ingress NGINX Controller for Kubernetes to access a Strimzi Kafka cluster from clients outside the Kubernetes cluster.

To be able to use an Ingress NGINX Controller for Kubernetes, add configuration for an ingress type listener in the Kafka custom resource. When applied, the configuration creates a dedicated ingress and service for an external bootstrap and each broker in the cluster. Clients connect to the bootstrap ingress, which routes them through the bootstrap service to connect to a broker. Per-broker connections are then established using DNS names, which route traffic from the client to the broker through the broker-specific ingresses and services.

To connect to a broker, you specify a hostname for the ingress bootstrap address, as well as the certificate used for TLS encryption. For access using an ingress, the port used in the Kafka client is typically 443.

The procedure shows basic ingress listener configuration. TLS encryption (tls) must be enabled. You can also specify a client authentication mechanism (authentication). Add additional configuration using configuration properties. For example, you can use the class configuration property with ingress listeners to specify the ingress controller used.

For more information on listener configuration, see the GenericKafkaListener schema reference.

TLS passthrough

Make sure that you enable TLS passthrough in your Ingress NGINX Controller for Kubernetes deployment. Kafka uses a binary protocol over TCP, but the Ingress NGINX Controller for Kubernetes is designed to work with a HTTP protocol. To be able to route TCP traffic through ingresses, Strimzi uses TLS passthrough with Server Name Indication (SNI).

SNI helps with identifying and passing connection to Kafka brokers. In passthrough mode, TLS encryption is always used. Because the connection passes to the brokers, the listeners use the TLS certificates signed by the internal cluster CA and not the ingress certificates. To configure listeners to use your own listener certificates, use the brokerCertChainAndKey property.

For more information about enabling TLS passthrough, see the TLS passthrough documentation.

Prerequisites

  • An Ingress NGINX Controller for Kubernetes is running with TLS passthrough enabled

  • A running Cluster Operator

In this procedure, the Kafka cluster name is my-cluster. The name of the listener is external.

Procedure

  1. Configure a Kafka resource with an external listener set to the ingress type.

    Specify an ingress hostname for the bootstrap service and each of the Kafka brokers in the Kafka cluster. Add any hostname to the bootstrap and broker-<index> prefixes that identify the bootstrap and brokers.

    For example:

    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  labels:
    app: my-cluster
  name: my-cluster
  namespace: myproject
spec:
  kafka:
    # ...
    listeners:
      - name: external
        port: 9094
        type: ingress
        tls: true # (1)
        authentication:
          type: tls
        configuration:
          bootstrap:
            host: bootstrap.myingress.com
          brokers:
          - broker: 0
            host: broker-0.myingress.com
          - broker: 1
            host: broker-1.myingress.com
          - broker: 2
            host: broker-2.myingress.com
          class: nginx  # (2)
    # ...
  zookeeper:
    # ...

    1. For ingress type listeners, TLS encryption must be enabled (true).

    2. (Optional) Class that specifies the ingress controller to use. You might need to add a class if you have not set up a default and a class name is missing in the ingresses created.

  2. Create or update the resource.

    kubectl apply -f <kafka_configuration_file>

    A cluster CA certificate to verify the identity of the kafka brokers is created in the secret my-cluster-cluster-ca-cert.

    ClusterIP type services are created for each Kafka broker, as well as an external bootstrap service.

    An ingress is also created for each service, with a DNS address to expose them using the Ingress NGINX Controller for Kubernetes.

    Ingresses created for the bootstrap and brokers
    NAME                        CLASS  HOSTS                    ADDRESS               PORTS
my-cluster-kafka-0          nginx  broker-0.myingress.com   external.ingress.com  80,443
my-cluster-kafka-1          nginx  broker-1.myingress.com   external.ingress.com  80,443
my-cluster-kafka-2          nginx  broker-2.myingress.com   external.ingress.com  80,443
my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap  nginx  bootstrap.myingress.com  external.ingress.com  80,443

    The DNS addresses used for client connection are propagated to the status of each ingress.

    Status for the bootstrap ingress
    status:
  loadBalancer:
    ingress:
      - hostname: external.ingress.com
 # ...

  3. Use a target broker to check the client-server TLS connection on port 443 using the OpenSSL s_client.

    openssl s_client -connect broker-0.myingress.com:443 -servername broker-0.myingress.com -showcerts

    The server name is the SNI for passing the connection to the broker.

    If the connection is successful, the certificates for the broker are returned.

    Certificates for the broker
    Certificate chain
 0 s:O = io.strimzi, CN = my-cluster-kafka
   i:O = io.strimzi, CN = cluster-ca v0

  4. Extract the cluster CA certificate.

    kubectl get secret my-cluster-cluster-ca-cert -o jsonpath='{.data.ca\.crt}' | base64 -d > ca.crt

  5. Configure your client to connect to the brokers.

    1. Specify the bootstrap host (from the listener configuration) and port 443 in your Kafka client as the bootstrap address to connect to the Kafka cluster. For example, bootstrap.myingress.com:443.

    2. Add the extracted certificate to the truststore of your Kafka client to configure a TLS connection.

      If you enabled a client authentication mechanism, you will also need to configure it in your client.

Note
 If you are using your own listener certificates, check whether you need to add the CA certificate to the client’s truststore configuration. If it is a public (external) CA, you usually won’t need to add it.

9.7. Accessing Kafka using OpenShift routes

Use OpenShift routes to access a Strimzi Kafka cluster from clients outside the OpenShift cluster.

To be able to use routes, add configuration for a route type listener in the Kafka custom resource. When applied, the configuration creates a dedicated route and service for an external bootstrap and each broker in the cluster. Clients connect to the bootstrap route, which routes them through the bootstrap service to connect to a broker. Per-broker connections are then established using DNS names, which route traffic from the client to the broker through the broker-specific routes and services.

To connect to a broker, you specify a hostname for the route bootstrap address, as well as the certificate used for TLS encryption. For access using routes, the port is always 443.

Warning
 An OpenShift route address comprises the name of the Kafka cluster, the name of the listener, and the name of the project it is created in. For example, my-cluster-kafka-external-bootstrap-myproject (<cluster_name>-kafka-<listener_name>-bootstrap-<namespace>). Be careful that the whole length of the address does not exceed a maximum limit of 63 characters.

The procedure shows basic listener configuration. TLS encryption (tls) must be enabled. You can also specify a client authentication mechanism (authentication). Add additional configuration using configuration properties. For example, you can use the host configuration property with route listeners to specify the hostnames used by the bootstrap and per-broker services.

For more information on listener configuration, see the GenericKafkaListener schema reference.

TLS passthrough

TLS passthrough is enabled for routes created by Strimzi. Kafka uses a binary protocol over TCP, but routes are designed to work with a HTTP protocol. To be able to route TCP traffic through routes, Strimzi uses TLS passthrough with Server Name Indication (SNI).

SNI helps with identifying and passing connection to Kafka brokers. In passthrough mode, TLS encryption is always used. Because the connection passes to the brokers, the listeners use TLS certificates signed by the internal cluster CA and not the ingress certificates. To configure listeners to use your own listener certificates, use the brokerCertChainAndKey property.

Prerequisites

  • A running Cluster Operator

In this procedure, the Kafka cluster name is my-cluster. The name of the listener is external.

Procedure

  1. Configure a Kafka resource with an external listener set to the route type.

    For example:

    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  labels:
    app: my-cluster
  name: my-cluster
  namespace: myproject
spec:
  kafka:
    # ...
    listeners:
      - name: external
        port: 9094
        type: route
        tls: true # (1)
        authentication:
          type: tls
        # ...
    # ...
  zookeeper:
    # ...

    1. For route type listeners, TLS encryption must be enabled (true).

  2. Create or update the resource.

    kubectl apply -f <kafka_configuration_file>

    A cluster CA certificate to verify the identity of the kafka brokers is created in the secret my-cluster-cluster-ca-cert.

    ClusterIP type services are created for each Kafka broker, as well as an external bootstrap service.

    A route is also created for each service, with a DNS address (host/port) to expose them using the default OpenShift HAProxy router.

    The routes are preconfigured with TLS passthrough.

    Routes created for the bootstraps and brokers
    NAME                                  HOST/PORT                                                   SERVICES                              PORT  TERMINATION
my-cluster-kafka-external-0          my-cluster-kafka-external-0-my-project.router.com          my-cluster-kafka-external-0          9094  passthrough
my-cluster-kafka-external-1          my-cluster-kafka-external-1-my-project.router.com          my-cluster-kafka-external-1          9094  passthrough
my-cluster-kafka-external-2          my-cluster-kafka-external-2-my-project.router.com          my-cluster-kafka-external-2          9094  passthrough
my-cluster-kafka-external-bootstrap  my-cluster-kafka-external-bootstrap-my-project.router.com  my-cluster-kafka-external-bootstrap  9094  passthrough

    The DNS addresses used for client connection are propagated to the status of each route.

    Example status for the bootstrap route
    status:
  ingress:
    - host: >-
        my-cluster-kafka-external-bootstrap-my-project.router.com
 # ...

  3. Use a target broker to check the client-server TLS connection on port 443 using the OpenSSL s_client.

    openssl s_client -connect my-cluster-kafka-external-0-my-project.router.com:443 -servername my-cluster-kafka-external-0-my-project.router.com -showcerts

    The server name is the SNI for passing the connection to the broker.

    If the connection is successful, the certificates for the broker are returned.

    Certificates for the broker
    Certificate chain
 0 s:O = io.strimzi, CN = my-cluster-kafka
   i:O = io.strimzi, CN = cluster-ca v0

  4. Retrieve the address of the bootstrap service from the status of the Kafka resource.

    kubectl get kafka my-cluster -o=jsonpath='{.status.listeners[?(@.name=="external")].bootstrapServers}{"\n"}'

my-cluster-kafka-external-bootstrap-my-project.router.com:443

    The address comprises the cluster name, the listener name, the project name and the domain of the router (router.com in this example).

  5. Extract the cluster CA certificate.

    kubectl get secret my-cluster-cluster-ca-cert -o jsonpath='{.data.ca\.crt}' | base64 -d > ca.crt

  6. Configure your client to connect to the brokers.

    1. Specify the address for the bootstrap service and port 443 in your Kafka client as the bootstrap address to connect to the Kafka cluster.

    2. Add the extracted certificate to the truststore of your Kafka client to configure a TLS connection.

      If you enabled a client authentication mechanism, you will also need to configure it in your client.

Note
 If you are using your own listener certificates, check whether you need to add the CA certificate to the client’s truststore configuration. If it is a public (external) CA, you usually won’t need to add it.

10. Managing secure access to Kafka

Secure your Kafka cluster by managing the access a client has to Kafka brokers. Specify configuration options to secure Kafka brokers and clients

A secure connection between Kafka brokers and clients can encompass the following:

  • Encryption for data exchange

  • Authentication to prove identity

  • Authorization to allow or decline actions executed by users

The authentication and authorization mechanisms specified for a client must match those specified for the Kafka brokers. Strimzi operators automate the configuration process and create the certificates required for authentication. The Cluster Operator automatically sets up TLS certificates for data encryption and authentication within your cluster.

10.1. Security options for Kafka

Use the Kafka resource to configure the mechanisms used for Kafka authentication and authorization.

10.1.1. Listener authentication

Configure client authentication for Kafka brokers when creating listeners. Specify the listener authentication type using the Kafka.spec.kafka.listeners.authentication property in the Kafka resource.

For clients inside the Kubernetes cluster, you can create plain (without encryption) or tls internal listeners. The internal listener type use a headless service and the DNS names given to the broker pods. As an alternative to the headless service, you can also create a cluster-ip type of internal listener to expose Kafka using per-broker ClusterIP services. For clients outside the Kubernetes cluster, you create external listeners and specify a connection mechanism, which can be nodeport, loadbalancer, ingress (Kubernetes only), or route (OpenShift only).

For more information on the configuration options for connecting an external client, see Setting up client access to a Kafka cluster.

Supported authentication options:

  1. mTLS authentication (only on the listeners with TLS enabled encryption)

  2. SCRAM-SHA-512 authentication

  3. OAuth 2.0 token-based authentication

  4. Custom authentication

The authentication option you choose depends on how you wish to authenticate client access to Kafka brokers.

Note
 Try exploring the standard authentication options before using custom authentication. Custom authentication allows for any type of kafka-supported authentication. It can provide more flexibility, but also adds complexity.
options for listener authentication configuration
Figure 2. Kafka listener authentication options

The listener authentication property is used to specify an authentication mechanism specific to that listener.

If no authentication property is specified then the listener does not authenticate clients which connect through that listener. The listener will accept all connections without authentication.

Authentication must be configured when using the User Operator to manage KafkaUsers.

The following example shows:

  • A plain listener configured for SCRAM-SHA-512 authentication

  • A tls listener with mTLS authentication

  • An external listener with mTLS authentication

Each listener is configured with a unique name and port within a Kafka cluster.

Note
 Listeners cannot be configured to use the ports reserved for inter-broker communication (9091 or 9090) and metrics (9404).
Example listener authentication configuration
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  name: my-cluster
  namespace: myproject
spec:
  kafka:
    # ...
    listeners:
      - name: plain
        port: 9092
        type: internal
        tls: true
        authentication:
          type: scram-sha-512
      - name: tls
        port: 9093
        type: internal
        tls: true
        authentication:
          type: tls
      - name: external
        port: 9094
        type: loadbalancer
        tls: true
        authentication:
          type: tls
# ...
mTLS authentication

mTLS authentication is always used for the communication between Kafka brokers and ZooKeeper pods.

Strimzi can configure Kafka to use TLS (Transport Layer Security) to provide encrypted communication between Kafka brokers and clients either with or without mutual authentication. For mutual, or two-way, authentication, both the server and the client present certificates. When you configure mTLS authentication, the broker authenticates the client (client authentication) and the client authenticates the broker (server authentication).

mTLS listener configuration in the Kafka resource requires the following:

  • tls: true to specify TLS encryption and server authentication

  • authentication.type: tls to specify the client authentication

When a Kafka cluster is created by the Cluster Operator, it creates a new secret with the name <cluster_name>-cluster-ca-cert. The secret contains a CA certificate. The CA certificate is in PEM and PKCS #12 format. To verify a Kafka cluster, add the CA certificate to the truststore in your client configuration. To verify a client, add a user certificate and key to the keystore in your client configuration. For more information on configuring a client for mTLS, see User authentication.

Note
 TLS authentication is more commonly one-way, with one party authenticating the identity of another. For example, when HTTPS is used between a web browser and a web server, the browser obtains proof of the identity of the web server.
SCRAM-SHA-512 authentication

SCRAM (Salted Challenge Response Authentication Mechanism) is an authentication protocol that can establish mutual authentication using passwords. Strimzi can configure Kafka to use SASL (Simple Authentication and Security Layer) SCRAM-SHA-512 to provide authentication on both unencrypted and encrypted client connections.

When SCRAM-SHA-512 authentication is used with a TLS connection, the TLS protocol provides the encryption, but is not used for authentication.

The following properties of SCRAM make it safe to use SCRAM-SHA-512 even on unencrypted connections:

  • The passwords are not sent in the clear over the communication channel. Instead the client and the server are each challenged by the other to offer proof that they know the password of the authenticating user.

  • The server and client each generate a new challenge for each authentication exchange. This means that the exchange is resilient against replay attacks.

When KafkaUser.spec.authentication.type is configured with scram-sha-512 the User Operator will generate a random 12-character password consisting of upper and lowercase ASCII letters and numbers.

Network policies

By default, Strimzi automatically creates a NetworkPolicy resource for every listener that is enabled on a Kafka broker. This NetworkPolicy allows applications to connect to listeners in all namespaces. Use network policies as part of the listener configuration.

If you want to restrict access to a listener at the network level to only selected applications or namespaces, use the networkPolicyPeers property. Each listener can have a different networkPolicyPeers configuration. For more information on network policy peers, refer to the NetworkPolicyPeer API reference.

If you want to use custom network policies, you can set the STRIMZI_NETWORK_POLICY_GENERATION environment variable to false in the Cluster Operator configuration. For more information, see Configuring the Cluster Operator with environment variables.

Note
 Your configuration of Kubernetes must support ingress NetworkPolicies in order to use network policies in Strimzi.
Providing listener certificates

You can provide your own server certificates, called Kafka listener certificates, for TLS listeners or external listeners which have TLS encryption enabled. For more information, see Providing your own Kafka listener certificates for TLS encryption.

Additional resources

10.1.2. Kafka authorization

Configure authorization for Kafka brokers using the Kafka.spec.kafka.authorization property in the Kafka resource. If the authorization property is missing, no authorization is enabled and clients have no restrictions. When enabled, authorization is applied to all enabled listeners. The authorization method is defined in the type field.

Supported authorization options:

options for kafka authorization configuration
Figure 3. Kafka cluster authorization options
Super users

Super users can access all resources in your Kafka cluster regardless of any access restrictions, and are supported by all authorization mechanisms.

To designate super users for a Kafka cluster, add a list of user principals to the superUsers property. If a user uses mTLS authentication, the username is the common name from the TLS certificate subject prefixed with CN=. If you are not using the User Operator and using your own certificates for mTLS, the username is the full certificate subject. A full certificate subject can have the following fields: CN=user,OU=my_ou,O=my_org,L=my_location,ST=my_state,C=my_country_code. Omit any fields that are not present.

An example configuration with super users
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  name: my-cluster
  namespace: myproject
spec:
  kafka:
    # ...
    authorization:
      type: simple
      superUsers:
        - CN=client_1
        - user_2
        - CN=client_3
        - CN=client_4,OU=my_ou,O=my_org,L=my_location,ST=my_state,C=US
        - CN=client_5,OU=my_ou,O=my_org,C=GB
        - CN=client_6,O=my_org
    # ...

10.2. Security options for Kafka clients

Use the KafkaUser resource to configure the authentication mechanism, authorization mechanism, and access rights for Kafka clients. In terms of configuring security, clients are represented as users.

You can authenticate and authorize user access to Kafka brokers. Authentication permits access, and authorization constrains the access to permissible actions.

You can also create super users that have unconstrained access to Kafka brokers.

The authentication and authorization mechanisms must match the specification for the listener used to access the Kafka brokers.

For more information on configuring a KafkaUser resource to access Kafka brokers securely, see Setting up client access to a Kafka cluster using listeners.

10.2.1. Identifying a Kafka cluster for user handling

A KafkaUser resource includes a label that defines the appropriate name of the Kafka cluster (derived from the name of the Kafka resource) to which it belongs.

apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaUser
metadata:
  name: my-user
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster

The label is used by the User Operator to identify the KafkaUser resource and create a new user, and also in subsequent handling of the user.

If the label does not match the Kafka cluster, the User Operator cannot identify the KafkaUser and the user is not created.

If the status of the KafkaUser resource remains empty, check your label.

10.2.2. User authentication

Use the KafkaUser custom resource to configure authentication credentials for users (clients) that require access to a Kafka cluster. Configure the credentials using the authentication property in KafkaUser.spec. By specifying a type, you control what credentials are generated.

Supported authentication types:

  • tls for mTLS authentication

  • tls-external for mTLS authentication using external certificates

  • scram-sha-512 for SCRAM-SHA-512 authentication

If tls or scram-sha-512 is specified, the User Operator creates authentication credentials when it creates the user. If tls-external is specified, the user still uses mTLS, but no authentication credentials are created. Use this option when you’re providing your own certificates. When no authentication type is specified, the User Operator does not create the user or its credentials.

You can use tls-external to authenticate with mTLS using a certificate issued outside the User Operator. The User Operator does not generate a TLS certificate or a secret. You can still manage ACL rules and quotas through the User Operator in the same way as when you’re using the tls mechanism. This means that you use the CN=USER-NAME format when specifying ACL rules and quotas. USER-NAME is the common name given in a TLS certificate.

mTLS authentication

To use mTLS authentication, you set the type field in the KafkaUser resource to tls.

Example user with mTLS authentication enabled
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaUser
metadata:
  name: my-user
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster
spec:
  authentication:
    type: tls
  # ...

The authentication type must match the equivalent configuration for the Kafka listener used to access the Kafka cluster.

When the user is created by the User Operator, it creates a new secret with the same name as the KafkaUser resource. The secret contains a private and public key for mTLS. The public key is contained in a user certificate, which is signed by a clients CA (certificate authority) when it is created. All keys are in X.509 format.

Note
 If you are using the clients CA generated by the Cluster Operator, the user certificates generated by the User Operator are also renewed when the clients CA is renewed by the Cluster Operator.

The user secret provides keys and certificates in PEM and PKCS #12 formats.

Example secret with user credentials
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: my-user
  labels:
    strimzi.io/kind: KafkaUser
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster
type: Opaque
data:
  ca.crt: <public_key> # Public key of the clients CA
  user.crt: <user_certificate> # Public key of the user
  user.key: <user_private_key> # Private key of the user
  user.p12: <store> # PKCS #12 store for user certificates and keys
  user.password: <password_for_store> # Protects the PKCS #12 store

When you configure a client, you specify the following:

  • Truststore properties for the public cluster CA certificate to verify the identity of the Kafka cluster

  • Keystore properties for the user authentication credentials to verify the client

The configuration depends on the file format (PEM or PKCS #12). This example uses PKCS #12 stores, and the passwords required to access the credentials in the stores.

Example client configuration using mTLS in PKCS #12 format
bootstrap.servers=<kafka_cluster_name>-kafka-bootstrap:9093 # (1)
security.protocol=SSL # (2)
ssl.truststore.location=/tmp/ca.p12 # (3)
ssl.truststore.password=<truststore_password> # (4)
ssl.keystore.location=/tmp/user.p12 # (5)
ssl.keystore.password=<keystore_password> # (6)

  1. The bootstrap server address to connect to the Kafka cluster.

  2. The security protocol option when using TLS for encryption.

  3. The truststore location contains the public key certificate (ca.p12) for the Kafka cluster. A cluster CA certificate and password is generated by the Cluster Operator in the <cluster_name>-cluster-ca-cert secret when the Kafka cluster is created.

  4. The password (ca.password) for accessing the truststore.

  5. The keystore location contains the public key certificate (user.p12) for the Kafka user.

  6. The password (user.password) for accessing the keystore.

mTLS authentication using a certificate issued outside the User Operator

To use mTLS authentication using a certificate issued outside the User Operator, you set the type field in the KafkaUser resource to tls-external. A secret and credentials are not created for the user.

Example user with mTLS authentication that uses a certificate issued outside the User Operator
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaUser
metadata:
  name: my-user
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster
spec:
  authentication:
    type: tls-external
  # ...
SCRAM-SHA-512 authentication

To use the SCRAM-SHA-512 authentication mechanism, you set the type field in the KafkaUser resource to scram-sha-512.

Example user with SCRAM-SHA-512 authentication enabled
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaUser
metadata:
  name: my-user
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster
spec:
  authentication:
    type: scram-sha-512
  # ...

When the user is created by the User Operator, it creates a new secret with the same name as the KafkaUser resource. The secret contains the generated password in the password key, which is encoded with base64. In order to use the password, it must be decoded.

Example secret with user credentials
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: my-user
  labels:
    strimzi.io/kind: KafkaUser
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster
type: Opaque
data:
  password: Z2VuZXJhdGVkcGFzc3dvcmQ= (1)
  sasl.jaas.config: b3JnLmFwYWNoZS5rYWZrYS5jb21tb24uc2VjdXJpdHkuc2NyYW0uU2NyYW1Mb2dpbk1vZHVsZSByZXF1aXJlZCB1c2VybmFtZT0ibXktdXNlciIgcGFzc3dvcmQ9ImdlbmVyYXRlZHBhc3N3b3JkIjsK (2)

  1. The generated password, base64 encoded.

  2. The JAAS configuration string for SASL SCRAM-SHA-512 authentication, base64 encoded.

Decoding the generated password:

echo "Z2VuZXJhdGVkcGFzc3dvcmQ=" | base64 --decode
Custom password configuration

When a user is created, Strimzi generates a random password. You can use your own password instead of the one generated by Strimzi. To do so, create a secret with the password and reference it in the KafkaUser resource.

Example user with a password set for SCRAM-SHA-512 authentication
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaUser
metadata:
  name: my-user
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster
spec:
  authentication:
    type: scram-sha-512
    password:
      valueFrom:
        secretKeyRef:
          name: my-secret (1)
          key: my-password (2)
  # ...

  1. The name of the secret containing the predefined password.

  2. The key for the password stored inside the secret.

10.2.3. User authorization

Use the KafkaUser custom resource to configure authorization rules for users (clients) that require access to a Kafka cluster. Configure the rules using the authorization property in KafkaUser.spec. By specifying a type, you control what rules are used.

To use simple authorization, you set the type property to simple in KafkaUser.spec.authorization. The simple authorization uses the Kafka Admin API to manage the ACL rules inside your Kafka cluster. Whether ACL management in the User Operator is enabled or not depends on your authorization configuration in the Kafka cluster.

  • For simple authorization, ACL management is always enabled.

  • For OPA authorization, ACL management is always disabled. Authorization rules are configured in the OPA server.

  • For Keycloak authorization, you can manage the ACL rules directly in Keycloak. You can also delegate authorization to the simple authorizer as a fallback option in the configuration. When delegation to the simple authorizer is enabled, the User Operator will enable management of ACL rules as well.

  • For custom authorization using a custom authorization plugin, use the supportsAdminApi property in the .spec.kafka.authorization configuration of the Kafka custom resource to enable or disable the support.

Authorization is cluster-wide. The authorization type must match the equivalent configuration in the Kafka custom resource.

If ACL management is not enabled, Strimzi rejects a resource if it contains any ACL rules.

If you’re using a standalone deployment of the User Operator, ACL management is enabled by default. You can disable it using the STRIMZI_ACLS_ADMIN_API_SUPPORTED environment variable.

If no authorization is specified, the User Operator does not provision any access rights for the user. Whether such a KafkaUser can still access resources depends on the authorizer being used. For example, for the AclAuthorizer this is determined by its allow.everyone.if.no.acl.found configuration.

ACL rules

AclAuthorizer uses ACL rules to manage access to Kafka brokers.

ACL rules grant access rights to the user, which you specify in the acls property.

For more information about the AclRule object, see the AclRule schema reference.

Super user access to Kafka brokers

If a user is added to a list of super users in a Kafka broker configuration, the user is allowed unlimited access to the cluster regardless of any authorization constraints defined in ACLs in KafkaUser.

For more information on configuring super user access to brokers, see Kafka authorization.

User quotas

You can configure the spec for the KafkaUser resource to enforce quotas so that a user does not exceed a configured level of access to Kafka brokers. You can set size-based network usage and time-based CPU utilization thresholds. You can also add a partition mutation quota to control the rate at which requests to change partitions are accepted for user requests.

An example KafkaUser with user quotas
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaUser
metadata:
  name: my-user
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster
spec:
  # ...
  quotas:
    producerByteRate: 1048576 (1)
    consumerByteRate: 2097152 (2)
    requestPercentage: 55 (3)
    controllerMutationRate: 10 (4)

  1. Byte-per-second quota on the amount of data the user can push to a Kafka broker

  2. Byte-per-second quota on the amount of data the user can fetch from a Kafka broker

  3. CPU utilization limit as a percentage of time for a client group

  4. Number of concurrent partition creation and deletion operations (mutations) allowed per second

For more information on these properties, see the KafkaUserQuotas schema reference.

10.3. Securing access to Kafka brokers

To establish secure access to Kafka brokers, you configure and apply:

  • A Kafka resource to:

    • Create listeners with a specified authentication type

    • Configure authorization for the whole Kafka cluster

  • A KafkaUser resource to access the Kafka brokers securely through the listeners

Configure the Kafka resource to set up:

  • Listener authentication

  • Network policies that restrict access to Kafka listeners

  • Kafka authorization

  • Super users for unconstrained access to brokers

Authentication is configured independently for each listener. Authorization is always configured for the whole Kafka cluster.

The Cluster Operator creates the listeners and sets up the cluster and client certificate authority (CA) certificates to enable authentication within the Kafka cluster.

You can replace the certificates generated by the Cluster Operator by installing your own certificates.

You can also provide your own server certificates and private keys for any listener with TLS encryption enabled. These user-provided certificates are called Kafka listener certificates. Providing Kafka listener certificates allows you to leverage existing security infrastructure, such as your organization’s private CA or a public CA. Kafka clients will need to trust the CA which was used to sign the listener certificate. You must manually renew Kafka listener certificates when needed. Certificates are available in PKCS #12 format (.p12) and PEM (.crt) formats.

Use KafkaUser to enable the authentication and authorization mechanisms that a specific client uses to access Kafka.

Configure the KafkaUser resource to set up:

  • Authentication to match the enabled listener authentication

  • Authorization to match the enabled Kafka authorization

  • Quotas to control the use of resources by clients

The User Operator creates the user representing the client and the security credentials used for client authentication, based on the chosen authentication type.

Refer to the schema reference for more information on access configuration properties:

10.3.1. Securing Kafka brokers

This procedure shows the steps involved in securing Kafka brokers when running Strimzi.

The security implemented for Kafka brokers must be compatible with the security implemented for the clients requiring access.

  • Kafka.spec.kafka.listeners[*].authentication matches KafkaUser.spec.authentication

  • Kafka.spec.kafka.authorization matches KafkaUser.spec.authorization

The steps show the configuration for simple authorization and a listener using mTLS authentication. For more information on listener configuration, see the GenericKafkaListener schema reference.

Alternatively, you can use SCRAM-SHA or OAuth 2.0 for listener authentication, and OAuth 2.0 or OPA for Kafka authorization.

Procedure

  1. Configure the Kafka resource.

    1. Configure the authorization property for authorization.

    2. Configure the listeners property to create a listener with authentication.

      For example:

      apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
spec:
  kafka:
    # ...
    authorization: (1)
      type: simple
      superUsers: (2)
        - CN=client_1
        - user_2
        - CN=client_3
    listeners:
      - name: tls
        port: 9093
        type: internal
        tls: true
        authentication:
          type: tls (3)
    # ...
  zookeeper:
    # ...

      1. Authorization enables simple authorization on the Kafka broker using the AclAuthorizer Kafka plugin.

      2. List of user principals with unlimited access to Kafka. CN is the common name from the client certificate when mTLS authentication is used.

      3. Listener authentication mechanisms may be configured for each listener, and specified as mTLS, SCRAM-SHA-512, or token-based OAuth 2.0.

      If you are configuring an external listener, the configuration is dependent on the chosen connection mechanism.

  2. Create or update the Kafka resource.

    kubectl apply -f <kafka_configuration_file>

    The Kafka cluster is configured with a Kafka broker listener using mTLS authentication.

    A service is created for each Kafka broker pod.

    A service is created to serve as the bootstrap address for connection to the Kafka cluster.

    The cluster CA certificate to verify the identity of the kafka brokers is also created in the secret <cluster_name>-cluster-ca-cert.

10.3.2. Securing user access to Kafka

Create or modify a KafkaUser to represent a client that requires secure access to the Kafka cluster.

When you configure the KafkaUser authentication and authorization mechanisms, ensure they match the equivalent Kafka configuration:

  • KafkaUser.spec.authentication matches Kafka.spec.kafka.listeners[*].authentication

  • KafkaUser.spec.authorization matches Kafka.spec.kafka.authorization

This procedure shows how a user is created with mTLS authentication. You can also create a user with SCRAM-SHA authentication.

The authentication required depends on the type of authentication configured for the Kafka broker listener.

Note
 Authentication between Kafka users and Kafka brokers depends on the authentication settings for each. For example, it is not possible to authenticate a user with mTLS if it is not also enabled in the Kafka configuration.
Prerequisites

The authentication type in KafkaUser should match the authentication configured in Kafka brokers.

Procedure

  1. Configure the KafkaUser resource.

    For example:

    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaUser
metadata:
  name: my-user
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster
spec:
  authentication: (1)
    type: tls
  authorization:
    type: simple (2)
    acls:
      - resource:
          type: topic
          name: my-topic
          patternType: literal
        operations:
          - Describe
          - Read
      - resource:
          type: group
          name: my-group
          patternType: literal
        operations:
          - Read

    1. User authentication mechanism, defined as mutual tls or scram-sha-512.

    2. Simple authorization, which requires an accompanying list of ACL rules.

  2. Create or update the KafkaUser resource.

    kubectl apply -f <user_config_file>

    The user is created, as well as a Secret with the same name as the KafkaUser resource. The Secret contains a private and public key for mTLS authentication.

For information on configuring a Kafka client with properties for secure connection to Kafka brokers, see Setting up client access to a Kafka cluster using listeners.

10.3.3. Restricting access to Kafka listeners using network policies

You can restrict access to a listener to only selected applications by using the networkPolicyPeers property.

Prerequisites

  • A Kubernetes cluster with support for Ingress NetworkPolicies.

  • The Cluster Operator is running.

Procedure

  1. Open the Kafka resource.

  2. In the networkPolicyPeers property, define the application pods or namespaces that will be allowed to access the Kafka cluster.

    For example, to configure a tls listener to allow connections only from application pods with the label app set to kafka-client:

    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
spec:
  kafka:
    # ...
    listeners:
      - name: tls
        port: 9093
        type: internal
        tls: true
        authentication:
          type: tls
        networkPolicyPeers:
          - podSelector:
              matchLabels:
                app: kafka-client
    # ...
  zookeeper:
    # ...

  3. Create or update the resource.

    Use kubectl apply:

    kubectl apply -f your-file
Additional resources

10.3.4. Providing your own Kafka listener certificates for TLS encryption

Listeners provide client access to Kafka brokers. Configure listeners in the Kafka resource, including the configuration required for client access using TLS.

By default, the listeners use certificates signed by the internal CA (certificate authority) certificates generated by Strimzi. A CA certificate is generated by the Cluster Operator when it creates a Kafka cluster. When you configure a client for TLS, you add the CA certificate to its truststore configuration to verify the Kafka cluster. You can also install and use your own CA certificates. Or you can configure a listener using brokerCertChainAndKey properties and use a custom server certificate.

The brokerCertChainAndKey properties allow you to access Kafka brokers using your own custom certificates at the listener-level. You create a secret with your own private key and server certificate, then specify the key and certificate in the listener’s brokerCertChainAndKey configuration. You can use a certificate signed by a public (external) CA or a private CA. If signed by a public CA, you usually won’t need to add it to a client’s truststore configuration. Custom certificates are not managed by Strimzi, so you need to renew them manually.

Note
 Listener certificates are used for TLS encryption and server authentication only. They are not used for TLS client authentication. If you want to use your own certificate for TLS client authentication as well, you must install and use your own clients CA.
Prerequisites

  • The Cluster Operator is running.

  • Each listener requires the following:

    • A compatible server certificate signed by an external CA. (Provide an X.509 certificate in PEM format.)

      You can use one listener certificate for multiple listeners.

    • Subject Alternative Names (SANs) are specified in the certificate for each listener. For more information, see Alternative subjects in server certificates for Kafka listeners.

If you are not using a self-signed certificate, you can provide a certificate that includes the whole CA chain in the certificate.

You can only use the brokerCertChainAndKey properties if TLS encryption (tls: true) is configured for the listener.

Note
 Strimzi does not support the use of encrypted private keys for TLS. The private key stored in the secret must be unencrypted for this to work.
Procedure

  1. Create a Secret containing your private key and server certificate:

    kubectl create secret generic my-secret --from-file=my-listener-key.key --from-file=my-listener-certificate.crt

  2. Edit the Kafka resource for your cluster.

    Configure the listener to use your Secret, certificate file, and private key file in the configuration.brokerCertChainAndKey property.

    Example configuration for a loadbalancer external listener with TLS encryption enabled
    # ...
listeners:
  - name: plain
    port: 9092
    type: internal
    tls: false
  - name: external
    port: 9094
    type: loadbalancer
    tls: true
    configuration:
      brokerCertChainAndKey:
        secretName: my-secret
        certificate: my-listener-certificate.crt
        key: my-listener-key.key
# ...
    Example configuration for a TLS listener
    # ...
listeners:
  - name: plain
    port: 9092
    type: internal
    tls: false
  - name: tls
    port: 9093
    type: internal
    tls: true
    configuration:
      brokerCertChainAndKey:
        secretName: my-secret
        certificate: my-listener-certificate.crt
        key: my-listener-key.key
# ...

  3. Apply the new configuration to create or update the resource:

    kubectl apply -f kafka.yaml

    The Cluster Operator starts a rolling update of the Kafka cluster, which updates the configuration of the listeners.

    Note
    		 A rolling update is also started if you update a Kafka listener certificate in a Secret that is already used by a listener.

10.3.5. Alternative subjects in server certificates for Kafka listeners

In order to use TLS hostname verification with your own Kafka listener certificates, you must use the correct Subject Alternative Names (SANs) for each listener. The certificate SANs must specify hostnames for the following:

  • All of the Kafka brokers in your cluster

  • The Kafka cluster bootstrap service

You can use wildcard certificates if they are supported by your CA.

Examples of SANs for internal listeners

Use the following examples to help you specify hostnames of the SANs in your certificates for your internal listeners.

Replace <cluster-name> with the name of the Kafka cluster and <namespace> with the Kubernetes namespace where the cluster is running.

Wildcards example for a type: internal listener
//Kafka brokers
*.<cluster-name>-kafka-brokers
*.<cluster-name>-kafka-brokers.<namespace>.svc

// Bootstrap service
<cluster-name>-kafka-bootstrap
<cluster-name>-kafka-bootstrap.<namespace>.svc
Non-wildcards example for a type: internal listener
// Kafka brokers
<cluster-name>-kafka-0.<cluster-name>-kafka-brokers
<cluster-name>-kafka-0.<cluster-name>-kafka-brokers.<namespace>.svc
<cluster-name>-kafka-1.<cluster-name>-kafka-brokers
<cluster-name>-kafka-1.<cluster-name>-kafka-brokers.<namespace>.svc
# ...

// Bootstrap service
<cluster-name>-kafka-bootstrap
<cluster-name>-kafka-bootstrap.<namespace>.svc
Non-wildcards example for a type: cluster-ip listener
// Kafka brokers
<cluster-name>-kafka-<listener-name>-0
<cluster-name>-kafka-<listener-name>-0.<namespace>.svc
<cluster-name>-kafka-<listener-name>-1
<cluster-name>-kafka-<listener-name>-1.<namespace>.svc
# ...

// Bootstrap service
<cluster-name>-kafka-<listener-name>-bootstrap
<cluster-name>-kafka-<listener-name>-bootstrap.<namespace>.svc
Examples of SANs for external listeners

For external listeners which have TLS encryption enabled, the hostnames you need to specify in certificates depends on the external listener type.

Table 8. SANs for each type of external listener
External listener type In the SANs, specify…​

ingress

Addresses of all Kafka broker Ingress resources and the address of the bootstrap Ingress.

You can use a matching wildcard name.

route

Addresses of all Kafka broker Routes and the address of the bootstrap Route.

You can use a matching wildcard name.

loadbalancer

Addresses of all Kafka broker loadbalancers and the bootstrap loadbalancer address.

You can use a matching wildcard name.

nodeport

Addresses of all Kubernetes worker nodes that the Kafka broker pods might be scheduled to.

You can use a matching wildcard name.
Additional resources

10.4. Using OAuth 2.0 token-based authentication

Strimzi supports the use of OAuth 2.0 authentication using the OAUTHBEARER and PLAIN mechanisms.

OAuth 2.0 enables standardized token-based authentication and authorization between applications, using a central authorization server to issue tokens that grant limited access to resources.

Kafka brokers and clients both need to be configured to use OAuth 2.0. You can configure OAuth 2.0 authentication, then OAuth 2.0 authorization.

Note

OAuth 2.0 authentication can be used in conjunction with Kafka authorization.

Using OAuth 2.0 authentication, application clients can access resources on application servers (called resource servers) without exposing account credentials.

The application client passes an access token as a means of authenticating, which application servers can also use to determine the level of access to grant. The authorization server handles the granting of access and inquiries about access.

In the context of Strimzi:

  • Kafka brokers act as OAuth 2.0 resource servers

  • Kafka clients act as OAuth 2.0 application clients

Kafka clients authenticate to Kafka brokers. The brokers and clients communicate with the OAuth 2.0 authorization server, as necessary, to obtain or validate access tokens.

For a deployment of Strimzi, OAuth 2.0 integration provides:

  • Server-side OAuth 2.0 support for Kafka brokers

  • Client-side OAuth 2.0 support for Kafka MirrorMaker, Kafka Connect, and the Kafka Bridge

10.4.1. OAuth 2.0 authentication mechanisms

Strimzi supports the OAUTHBEARER and PLAIN mechanisms for OAuth 2.0 authentication. Both mechanisms allow Kafka clients to establish authenticated sessions with Kafka brokers. The authentication flow between clients, the authorization server, and Kafka brokers is different for each mechanism.

We recommend that you configure clients to use OAUTHBEARER whenever possible. OAUTHBEARER provides a higher level of security than PLAIN because client credentials are never shared with Kafka brokers. Consider using PLAIN only with Kafka clients that do not support OAUTHBEARER.

You configure Kafka broker listeners to use OAuth 2.0 authentication for connecting clients. If necessary, you can use the OAUTHBEARER and PLAIN mechanisms on the same oauth listener. The properties to support each mechanism must be explicitly specified in the oauth listener configuration.

OAUTHBEARER overview

OAUTHBEARER is automatically enabled in the oauth listener configuration for the Kafka broker. You can set the enableOauthBearer property to true, though this is not required.

  # ...
  authentication:
    type: oauth
    # ...
    enableOauthBearer: true

Many Kafka client tools use libraries that provide basic support for OAUTHBEARER at the protocol level. To support application development, Strimzi provides an OAuth callback handler for the upstream Kafka Client Java libraries (but not for other libraries). Therefore, you do not need to write your own callback handlers. An application client can use the callback handler to provide the access token. Clients written in other languages, such as Go, must use custom code to connect to the authorization server and obtain the access token.

With OAUTHBEARER, the client initiates a session with the Kafka broker for credentials exchange, where credentials take the form of a bearer token provided by the callback handler. Using the callbacks, you can configure token provision in one of three ways:

  • Client ID and Secret (by using the OAuth 2.0 client credentials mechanism)

  • A long-lived access token, obtained manually at configuration time

  • A long-lived refresh token, obtained manually at configuration time

Note

OAUTHBEARER authentication can only be used by Kafka clients that support the OAUTHBEARER mechanism at the protocol level.
PLAIN overview

To use PLAIN, you must enable it in the oauth listener configuration for the Kafka broker.

In the following example, PLAIN is enabled in addition to OAUTHBEARER, which is enabled by default. If you want to use PLAIN only, you can disable OAUTHBEARER by setting enableOauthBearer to false.

  # ...
  authentication:
    type: oauth
    # ...
    enablePlain: true
    tokenEndpointUri: https://OAUTH-SERVER-ADDRESS/auth/realms/external/protocol/openid-connect/token

PLAIN is a simple authentication mechanism used by all Kafka client tools. To enable PLAIN to be used with OAuth 2.0 authentication, Strimzi provides OAuth 2.0 over PLAIN server-side callbacks.

With the Strimzi implementation of PLAIN, the client credentials are not stored in ZooKeeper. Instead, client credentials are handled centrally behind a compliant authorization server, similar to when OAUTHBEARER authentication is used.

When used with the OAuth 2.0 over PLAIN callbacks, Kafka clients authenticate with Kafka brokers using either of the following methods:

  • Client ID and secret (by using the OAuth 2.0 client credentials mechanism)

  • A long-lived access token, obtained manually at configuration time

For both methods, the client must provide the PLAIN username and password properties to pass credentials to the Kafka broker. The client uses these properties to pass a client ID and secret or username and access token.

Client IDs and secrets are used to obtain access tokens.

Access tokens are passed as password property values. You pass the access token with or without an $accessToken: prefix.

  • If you configure a token endpoint (tokenEndpointUri) in the listener configuration, you need the prefix.

  • If you don’t configure a token endpoint (tokenEndpointUri) in the listener configuration, you don’t need the prefix. The Kafka broker interprets the password as a raw access token.

If the password is set as the access token, the username must be set to the same principal name that the Kafka broker obtains from the access token. You can specify username extraction options in your listener using the userNameClaim, fallbackUserNameClaim, fallbackUsernamePrefix, and userInfoEndpointUri properties. The username extraction process also depends on your authorization server; in particular, how it maps client IDs to account names.

Note

OAuth over PLAIN does not support password grant mechanism. You can only 'proxy' through SASL PLAIN mechanism the client credentials (clientId + secret) or the access token as described above.
Additional resources

10.4.2. OAuth 2.0 Kafka broker configuration

Kafka broker configuration for OAuth 2.0 involves:

  • Creating the OAuth 2.0 client in the authorization server

  • Configuring OAuth 2.0 authentication in the Kafka custom resource

Note
 In relation to the authorization server, Kafka brokers and Kafka clients are both regarded as OAuth 2.0 clients.
OAuth 2.0 client configuration on an authorization server

To configure a Kafka broker to validate the token received during session initiation, the recommended approach is to create an OAuth 2.0 client definition in an authorization server, configured as confidential, with the following client credentials enabled:

  • Client ID of kafka (for example)

  • Client ID and Secret as the authentication mechanism

Note
 You only need to use a client ID and secret when using a non-public introspection endpoint of the authorization server. The credentials are not typically required when using public authorization server endpoints, as with fast local JWT token validation.
OAuth 2.0 authentication configuration in the Kafka cluster

To use OAuth 2.0 authentication in the Kafka cluster, you specify, for example, a tls listener configuration for your Kafka cluster custom resource with the authentication method oauth:

Assigining the authentication method type for OAuth 2.0
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
spec:
  kafka:
    # ...
    listeners:
      - name: tls
        port: 9093
        type: internal
        tls: true
        authentication:
          type: oauth
      #...

You can configure OAuth 2.0 authentication in your listeners. We recommend using OAuth 2.0 authentication together with TLS encryption (tls: true). Without encryption, the connection is vulnerable to network eavesdropping and unauthorized access through token theft.

You configure an external listener with type: oauth for a secure transport layer to communicate with the client.

Using OAuth 2.0 with an external listener
# ...
listeners:
  - name: external
    port: 9094
    type: loadbalancer
    tls: true
    authentication:
      type: oauth
    #...

The tls property is false by default, so it must be enabled.

When you have defined the type of authentication as OAuth 2.0, you add configuration based on the type of validation, either as fast local JWT validation or token validation using an introspection endpoint.

The procedure to configure OAuth 2.0 for listeners, with descriptions and examples, is described in Configuring OAuth 2.0 support for Kafka brokers.

Fast local JWT token validation configuration

Fast local JWT token validation checks a JWT token signature locally.

The local check ensures that a token:

  • Conforms to type by containing a (typ) claim value of Bearer for an access token

  • Is valid (not expired)

  • Has an issuer that matches a validIssuerURI

You specify a validIssuerURI attribute when you configure the listener, so that any tokens not issued by the authorization server are rejected.

The authorization server does not need to be contacted during fast local JWT token validation. You activate fast local JWT token validation by specifying a jwksEndpointUri attribute, the endpoint exposed by the OAuth 2.0 authorization server. The endpoint contains the public keys used to validate signed JWT tokens, which are sent as credentials by Kafka clients.

Note
 All communication with the authorization server should be performed using TLS encryption.

You can configure a certificate truststore as a Kubernetes Secret in your Strimzi project namespace, and use a tlsTrustedCertificates attribute to point to the Kubernetes Secret containing the truststore file.

You might want to configure a userNameClaim to properly extract a username from the JWT token. If you want to use Kafka ACL authorization, you need to identify the user by their username during authentication. (The sub claim in JWT tokens is typically a unique ID, not a username.)

Example configuration for fast local JWT token validation
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
spec:
  kafka:
    #...
    listeners:
      - name: tls
        port: 9093
        type: internal
        tls: true
        authentication:
          type: oauth
          validIssuerUri: <https://<auth-server-address>/auth/realms/tls>
          jwksEndpointUri: <https://<auth-server-address>/auth/realms/tls/protocol/openid-connect/certs>
          userNameClaim: preferred_username
          maxSecondsWithoutReauthentication: 3600
          tlsTrustedCertificates:
          - secretName: oauth-server-cert
            certificate: ca.crt
    #...
OAuth 2.0 introspection endpoint configuration

Token validation using an OAuth 2.0 introspection endpoint treats a received access token as opaque. The Kafka broker sends an access token to the introspection endpoint, which responds with the token information necessary for validation. Importantly, it returns up-to-date information if the specific access token is valid, and also information about when the token expires.

To configure OAuth 2.0 introspection-based validation, you specify an introspectionEndpointUri attribute rather than the jwksEndpointUri attribute specified for fast local JWT token validation. Depending on the authorization server, you typically have to specify a clientId and clientSecret, because the introspection endpoint is usually protected.

Example configuration for an introspection endpoint
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
spec:
  kafka:
    listeners:
      - name: tls
        port: 9093
        type: internal
        tls: true
        authentication:
          type: oauth
          clientId: kafka-broker
          clientSecret:
            secretName: my-cluster-oauth
            key: clientSecret
          validIssuerUri: <https://<auth-server-address>/auth/realms/tls>
          introspectionEndpointUri: <https://<auth-server-address>/auth/realms/tls/protocol/openid-connect/token/introspect>
          userNameClaim: preferred_username
          maxSecondsWithoutReauthentication: 3600
          tlsTrustedCertificates:
          - secretName: oauth-server-cert
            certificate: ca.crt

10.4.3. Session re-authentication for Kafka brokers

You can configure oauth listeners to use Kafka session re-authentication for OAuth 2.0 sessions between Kafka clients and Kafka brokers. This mechanism enforces the expiry of an authenticated session between the client and the broker after a defined period of time. When a session expires, the client immediately starts a new session by reusing the existing connection rather than dropping it.

Session re-authentication is disabled by default. To enable it, you set a time value for maxSecondsWithoutReauthentication in the oauth listener configuration. The same property is used to configure session re-authentication for OAUTHBEARER and PLAIN authentication. For an example configuration, see Configuring OAuth 2.0 support for Kafka brokers.

Session re-authentication must be supported by the Kafka client libraries used by the client.

Session re-authentication can be used with fast local JWT or introspection endpoint token validation.

Client re-authentication

When the broker’s authenticated session expires, the client must re-authenticate to the existing session by sending a new, valid access token to the broker, without dropping the connection.

If token validation is successful, a new client session is started using the existing connection. If the client fails to re-authenticate, the broker will close the connection if further attempts are made to send or receive messages. Java clients that use Kafka client library 2.2 or later automatically re-authenticate if the re-authentication mechanism is enabled on the broker.

Session re-authentication also applies to refresh tokens, if used. When the session expires, the client refreshes the access token by using its refresh token. The client then uses the new access token to re-authenticate to the existing session.

Session expiry for OAUTHBEARER and PLAIN

When session re-authentication is configured, session expiry works differently for OAUTHBEARER and PLAIN authentication.

For OAUTHBEARER and PLAIN, using the client ID and secret method:

  • The broker’s authenticated session will expire at the configured maxSecondsWithoutReauthentication.

  • The session will expire earlier if the access token expires before the configured time.

For PLAIN using the long-lived access token method:

  • The broker’s authenticated session will expire at the configured maxSecondsWithoutReauthentication.

  • Re-authentication will fail if the access token expires before the configured time. Although session re-authentication is attempted, PLAIN has no mechanism for refreshing tokens.

If maxSecondsWithoutReauthentication is not configured, OAUTHBEARER and PLAIN clients can remain connected to brokers indefinitely, without needing to re-authenticate. Authenticated sessions do not end with access token expiry. However, this can be considered when configuring authorization, for example, by using keycloak authorization or installing a custom authorizer.

Additional resources

10.4.4. OAuth 2.0 Kafka client configuration

A Kafka client is configured with either:

  • The credentials required to obtain a valid access token from an authorization server (client ID and Secret)

  • A valid long-lived access token or refresh token, obtained using tools provided by an authorization server

The only information ever sent to the Kafka broker is an access token. The credentials used to authenticate with the authorization server to obtain the access token are never sent to the broker.

When a client obtains an access token, no further communication with the authorization server is needed.

The simplest mechanism is authentication with a client ID and Secret. Using a long-lived access token, or a long-lived refresh token, adds more complexity because there is an additional dependency on authorization server tools.

Note
 If you are using long-lived access tokens, you may need to configure the client in the authorization server to increase the maximum lifetime of the token.

If the Kafka client is not configured with an access token directly, the client exchanges credentials for an access token during Kafka session initiation by contacting the authorization server. The Kafka client exchanges either:

  • Client ID and Secret

  • Client ID, refresh token, and (optionally) a secret

  • Username and password, with client ID and (optionally) a secret

10.4.5. OAuth 2.0 client authentication flows

OAuth 2.0 authentication flows depend on the underlying Kafka client and Kafka broker configuration. The flows must also be supported by the authorization server used.

The Kafka broker listener configuration determines how clients authenticate using an access token. The client can pass a client ID and secret to request an access token.

If a listener is configured to use PLAIN authentication, the client can authenticate with a client ID and secret or username and access token. These values are passed as the username and password properties of the PLAIN mechanism.

Listener configuration supports the following token validation options:

  • You can use fast local token validation based on JWT signature checking and local token introspection, without contacting an authorization server. The authorization server provides a JWKS endpoint with public certificates that are used to validate signatures on the tokens.

  • You can use a call to a token introspection endpoint provided by an authorization server. Each time a new Kafka broker connection is established, the broker passes the access token received from the client to the authorization server. The Kafka broker checks the response to confirm whether or not the token is valid.

Note
 An authorization server might only allow the use of opaque access tokens, which means that local token validation is not possible.

Kafka client credentials can also be configured for the following types of authentication:

  • Direct local access using a previously generated long-lived access token

  • Contact with the authorization server for a new access token to be issued (using a client ID and a secret, or a refresh token, or a username and a password)

Example client authentication flows using the SASL OAUTHBEARER mechanism

You can use the following communication flows for Kafka authentication using the SASL OAUTHBEARER mechanism.

Client using client ID and secret, with broker delegating validation to authorization server

Client using client ID and secret with broker delegating validation to authorization server

  1. The Kafka client requests an access token from the authorization server using a client ID and secret, and optionally a refresh token. Alternatively, the client may authenticate using a username and a password.

  2. The authorization server generates a new access token.

  3. The Kafka client authenticates with the Kafka broker using the SASL OAUTHBEARER mechanism to pass the access token.

  4. The Kafka broker validates the access token by calling a token introspection endpoint on the authorization server using its own client ID and secret.

  5. A Kafka client session is established if the token is valid.

Client using client ID and secret, with broker performing fast local token validation

Client using client ID and secret with broker performing fast local token validation

  1. The Kafka client authenticates with the authorization server from the token endpoint, using a client ID and secret, and optionally a refresh token. Alternatively, the client may authenticate using a username and a password.

  2. The authorization server generates a new access token.

  3. The Kafka client authenticates with the Kafka broker using the SASL OAUTHBEARER mechanism to pass the access token.

  4. The Kafka broker validates the access token locally using a JWT token signature check, and local token introspection.

Client using long-lived access token, with broker delegating validation to authorization server

Client using long-lived access token with broker delegating validation to authorization server

  1. The Kafka client authenticates with the Kafka broker using the SASL OAUTHBEARER mechanism to pass the long-lived access token.

  2. The Kafka broker validates the access token by calling a token introspection endpoint on the authorization server, using its own client ID and secret.

  3. A Kafka client session is established if the token is valid.

Client using long-lived access token, with broker performing fast local validation

Client using long-lived access token with broker performing fast local validation

  1. The Kafka client authenticates with the Kafka broker using the SASL OAUTHBEARER mechanism to pass the long-lived access token.

  2. The Kafka broker validates the access token locally using a JWT token signature check and local token introspection.

Warning
 Fast local JWT token signature validation is suitable only for short-lived tokens as there is no check with the authorization server if a token has been revoked. Token expiration is written into the token, but revocation can happen at any time, so cannot be accounted for without contacting the authorization server. Any issued token would be considered valid until it expires.
Example client authentication flows using the SASL PLAIN mechanism

You can use the following communication flows for Kafka authentication using the OAuth PLAIN mechanism.

Client using a client ID and secret, with the broker obtaining the access token for the client

Client using a client ID and secret with the broker obtaining the access token for the client

  1. The Kafka client passes a clientId as a username and a secret as a password.

  2. The Kafka broker uses a token endpoint to pass the clientId and secret to the authorization server.

  3. The authorization server returns a fresh access token or an error if the client credentials are not valid.

  4. The Kafka broker validates the token in one of the following ways:

    1. If a token introspection endpoint is specified, the Kafka broker validates the access token by calling the endpoint on the authorization server. A session is established if the token validation is successful.

    2. If local token introspection is used, a request is not made to the authorization server. The Kafka broker validates the access token locally using a JWT token signature check.

Client using a long-lived access token without a client ID and secret

Client using a long-lived access token without a client ID and secret

  1. The Kafka client passes a username and password. The password provides the value of an access token that was obtained manually and configured before running the client.

  2. The password is passed with or without an $accessToken: string prefix depending on whether or not the Kafka broker listener is configured with a token endpoint for authentication.

    1. If the token endpoint is configured, the password should be prefixed by $accessToken: to let the broker know that the password parameter contains an access token rather than a client secret. The Kafka broker interprets the username as the account username.

    2. If the token endpoint is not configured on the Kafka broker listener (enforcing a no-client-credentials mode), the password should provide the access token without the prefix. The Kafka broker interprets the username as the account username. In this mode, the client doesn’t use a client ID and secret, and the password parameter is always interpreted as a raw access token.

  3. The Kafka broker validates the token in one of the following ways:

    1. If a token introspection endpoint is specified, the Kafka broker validates the access token by calling the endpoint on the authorization server. A session is established if token validation is successful.

    2. If local token introspection is used, there is no request made to the authorization server. Kafka broker validates the access token locally using a JWT token signature check.

10.4.6. Configuring OAuth 2.0 authentication

OAuth 2.0 is used for interaction between Kafka clients and Strimzi components.

In order to use OAuth 2.0 for Strimzi, you must:

  1. Configure an OAuth 2.0 authorization server for the Strimzi cluster and Kafka clients

  2. Deploy or update the Kafka cluster with Kafka broker listeners configured to use OAuth 2.0

  3. Update your Java-based Kafka clients to use OAuth 2.0

  4. Update Kafka component clients to use OAuth 2.0

Configuring an OAuth 2.0 authorization server

This procedure describes in general what you need to do to configure an authorization server for integration with Strimzi.

These instructions are not product specific.

The steps are dependent on the chosen authorization server. Consult the product documentation for the authorization server for information on how to set up OAuth 2.0 access.

Note
 If you already have an authorization server deployed, you can skip the deployment step and use your current deployment.
Procedure

  1. Deploy the authorization server to your cluster.

  2. Access the CLI or admin console for the authorization server to configure OAuth 2.0 for Strimzi.

    Now prepare the authorization server to work with Strimzi.

  3. Configure a kafka-broker client.

  4. Configure clients for each Kafka client component of your application.

What to do next

After deploying and configuring the authorization server, configure the Kafka brokers to use OAuth 2.0.

Configuring OAuth 2.0 support for Kafka brokers

This procedure describes how to configure Kafka brokers so that the broker listeners are enabled to use OAuth 2.0 authentication using an authorization server.

We advise use of OAuth 2.0 over an encrypted interface through through a listener with tls: true. Plain listeners are not recommended.

If the authorization server is using certificates signed by the trusted CA and matching the OAuth 2.0 server hostname, TLS connection works using the default settings. Otherwise, you may need to configure the truststore with proper certificates or disable the certificate hostname validation.

When configuring the Kafka broker you have two options for the mechanism used to validate the access token during OAuth 2.0 authentication of the newly connected Kafka client:

Before you start

For more information on the configuration of OAuth 2.0 authentication for Kafka broker listeners, see:

Prerequisites

  • Strimzi and Kafka are running

  • An OAuth 2.0 authorization server is deployed

Procedure

  1. Update the Kafka broker configuration (Kafka.spec.kafka) of your Kafka resource in an editor.

    kubectl edit kafka my-cluster

  2. Configure the Kafka broker listeners configuration.

    The configuration for each type of listener does not have to be the same, as they are independent.

    The examples here show the configuration options as configured for external listeners.

    Example 1: Configuring fast local JWT token validation
    #...
- name: external
  port: 9094
  type: loadbalancer
  tls: true
  authentication:
    type: oauth (1)
    validIssuerUri: <https://<auth-server-address>/auth/realms/external> (2)
    jwksEndpointUri: <https://<auth-server-address>/auth/realms/external/protocol/openid-connect/certs> (3)
    userNameClaim: preferred_username (4)
    maxSecondsWithoutReauthentication: 3600 (5)
    tlsTrustedCertificates: (6)
    - secretName: oauth-server-cert
      certificate: ca.crt
    disableTlsHostnameVerification: true (7)
    jwksExpirySeconds: 360 (8)
    jwksRefreshSeconds: 300 (9)
    jwksMinRefreshPauseSeconds: 1 (10)

    1. Listener type set to oauth.

    2. URI of the token issuer used for authentication.

    3. URI of the JWKS certificate endpoint used for local JWT validation.

    4. The token claim (or key) that contains the actual user name in the token. The user name is the principal used to identify the user. The userNameClaim value will depend on the authentication flow and the authorization server used.

    5. (Optional) Activates the Kafka re-authentication mechanism that enforces session expiry to the same length of time as the access token. If the specified value is less than the time left for the access token to expire, then the client will have to re-authenticate before the actual token expiry. By default, the session does not expire when the access token expires, and the client does not attempt re-authentication.

    6. (Optional) Trusted certificates for TLS connection to the authorization server.

    7. (Optional) Disable TLS hostname verification. Default is false.

    8. The duration the JWKS certificates are considered valid before they expire. Default is 360 seconds. If you specify a longer time, consider the risk of allowing access to revoked certificates.

    9. The period between refreshes of JWKS certificates. The interval must be at least 60 seconds shorter than the expiry interval. Default is 300 seconds.

    10. The minimum pause in seconds between consecutive attempts to refresh JWKS public keys. When an unknown signing key is encountered, the JWKS keys refresh is scheduled outside the regular periodic schedule with at least the specified pause since the last refresh attempt. The refreshing of keys follows the rule of exponential backoff, retrying on unsuccessful refreshes with ever increasing pause, until it reaches jwksRefreshSeconds. The default value is 1.

    Example 2: Configuring token validation using an introspection endpoint
    - name: external
  port: 9094
  type: loadbalancer
  tls: true
  authentication:
    type: oauth
    validIssuerUri: <https://<auth-server-address>/auth/realms/external>
    introspectionEndpointUri: <https://<auth-server-address>/auth/realms/external/protocol/openid-connect/token/introspect> (1)
    clientId: kafka-broker (2)
    clientSecret: (3)
      secretName: my-cluster-oauth
      key: clientSecret
    userNameClaim: preferred_username (4)
    maxSecondsWithoutReauthentication: 3600 (5)

    1. URI of the token introspection endpoint.

    2. Client ID to identify the client.

    3. Client Secret and client ID is used for authentication.

    4. The token claim (or key) that contains the actual user name in the token. The user name is the principal used to identify the user. The userNameClaim value will depend on the authorization server used.

    5. (Optional) Activates the Kafka re-authentication mechanism that enforces session expiry to the same length of time as the access token. If the specified value is less than the time left for the access token to expire, then the client will have to re-authenticate before the actual token expiry. By default, the session does not expire when the access token expires, and the client does not attempt re-authentication.

    Depending on how you apply OAuth 2.0 authentication, and the type of authorization server, there are additional (optional) configuration settings you can use:

      # ...
  authentication:
    type: oauth
    # ...
    checkIssuer: false (1)
    checkAudience: true (2)
    fallbackUserNameClaim: client_id (3)
    fallbackUserNamePrefix: client-account- (4)
    validTokenType: bearer (5)
    userInfoEndpointUri: https://OAUTH-SERVER-ADDRESS/auth/realms/external/protocol/openid-connect/userinfo (6)
    enableOauthBearer: false (7)
    enablePlain: true (8)
    tokenEndpointUri: https://OAUTH-SERVER-ADDRESS/auth/realms/external/protocol/openid-connect/token (9)
    customClaimCheck: "@.custom == 'custom-value'" (10)
    clientAudience: AUDIENCE (11)
    clientScope: SCOPE (12)
    connectTimeoutSeconds: 60 (13)
    readTimeoutSeconds: 60 (14)
    httpRetries: 2 (15)
    httpRetryPauseMs: 300 (16)
    groupsClaim: "$.groups" (17)
    groupsClaimDelimiter: "," (18)

    1. If your authorization server does not provide an iss claim, it is not possible to perform an issuer check. In this situation, set checkIssuer to false and do not specify a validIssuerUri. Default is true.

    2. If your authorization server provides an aud (audience) claim, and you want to enforce an audience check, set checkAudience to true. Audience checks identify the intended recipients of tokens. As a result, the Kafka broker will reject tokens that do not have its clientId in their aud claim. Default is false.

    3. An authorization server may not provide a single attribute to identify both regular users and clients. When a client authenticates in its own name, the server might provide a client ID. When a user authenticates using a username and password, to obtain a refresh token or an access token, the server might provide a username attribute in addition to a client ID. Use this fallback option to specify the username claim (attribute) to use if a primary user ID attribute is not available.

    4. In situations where fallbackUserNameClaim is applicable, it may also be necessary to prevent name collisions between the values of the username claim, and those of the fallback username claim. Consider a situation where a client called producer exists, but also a regular user called producer exists. In order to differentiate between the two, you can use this property to add a prefix to the user ID of the client.

    5. (Only applicable when using introspectionEndpointUri) Depending on the authorization server you are using, the introspection endpoint may or may not return the token type attribute, or it may contain different values. You can specify a valid token type value that the response from the introspection endpoint has to contain.

    6. (Only applicable when using introspectionEndpointUri) The authorization server may be configured or implemented in such a way to not provide any identifiable information in an Introspection Endpoint response. In order to obtain the user ID, you can configure the URI of the userinfo endpoint as a fallback. The userNameClaim, fallbackUserNameClaim, and fallbackUserNamePrefix settings are applied to the response of userinfo endpoint.

    7. Set this to false to disable the OAUTHBEARER mechanism on the listener. At least one of PLAIN or OAUTHBEARER has to be enabled. Default is true.

    8. Set to true to enable PLAIN authentication on the listener, which is supported for clients on all platforms.

    9. Additional configuration for the PLAIN mechanism. If specified, clients can authenticate over PLAIN by passing an access token as the password using an $accessToken: prefix. For production, always use https:// urls.

    10. Additional custom rules can be imposed on the JWT access token during validation by setting this to a JsonPath filter query. If the access token does not contain the necessary data, it is rejected. When using the introspectionEndpointUri, the custom check is applied to the introspection endpoint response JSON.

    11. An audience parameter passed to the token endpoint. An audience is used when obtaining an access token for inter-broker authentication. It is also used in the name of a client for OAuth 2.0 over PLAIN client authentication using a clientId and secret. This only affects the ability to obtain the token, and the content of the token, depending on the authorization server. It does not affect token validation rules by the listener.

    12. A scope parameter passed to the token endpoint. A scope is used when obtaining an access token for inter-broker authentication. It is also used in the name of a client for OAuth 2.0 over PLAIN client authentication using a clientId and secret. This only affects the ability to obtain the token, and the content of the token, depending on the authorization server. It does not affect token validation rules by the listener.

    13. The connect timeout in seconds when connecting to the authorization server. The default value is 60.

    14. The read timeout in seconds when connecting to the authorization server. The default value is 60.

    15. The maximum number of times to retry a failed HTTP request to the authorization server. The default value is 0, meaning that no retries are performed. To use this option effectively, consider reducing the timeout times for the connectTimeoutSeconds and readTimeoutSeconds options. However, note that retries may prevent the current worker thread from being available to other requests, and if too many requests stall, it could make the Kafka broker unresponsive.

    16. The time to wait before attempting another retry of a failed HTTP request to the authorization server. By default, this time is set to zero, meaning that no pause is applied. This is because many issues that cause failed requests are per-request network glitches or proxy issues that can be resolved quickly. However, if your authorization server is under stress or experiencing high traffic, you may want to set this option to a value of 100 ms or more to reduce the load on the server and increase the likelihood of successful retries.

    17. A JsonPath query that is used to extract groups information from either the JWT token or the introspection endpoint response. This option is not set by default. By configuring this option, a custom authorizer can make authorization decisions based on user groups.

    18. A delimiter used to parse groups information when it is returned as a single delimited string. The default value is ',' (comma).

  3. Save and exit the editor, then wait for rolling updates to complete.

  4. Check the update in the logs or by watching the pod state transitions:

    kubectl logs -f ${POD_NAME} -c ${CONTAINER_NAME}
kubectl get pod -w

    The rolling update configures the brokers to use OAuth 2.0 authentication.

What to do next
Configuring Kafka Java clients to use OAuth 2.0

Configure Kafka producer and consumer APIs to use OAuth 2.0 for interaction with Kafka brokers. Add a callback plugin to your client pom.xml file, then configure your client for OAuth 2.0.

Specify the following in your client configuration:

  • A SASL (Simple Authentication and Security Layer) security protocol:

    • SASL_SSL for authentication over TLS encrypted connections

    • SASL_PLAINTEXT for authentication over unencrypted connections

      Use SASL_SSL for production and SASL_PLAINTEXT for local development only. When using SASL_SSL, additional ssl.truststore configuration is needed. The truststore configuration is required for secure connection (https://) to the OAuth 2.0 authorization server. To verify the OAuth 2.0 authorization server, add the CA certificate for the authorization server to the truststore in your client configuration. You can configure a truststore in PEM or PKCS #12 format.

  • A Kafka SASL mechanism:

    • OAUTHBEARER for credentials exchange using a bearer token

    • PLAIN to pass client credentials (clientId + secret) or an access token

  • A JAAS (Java Authentication and Authorization Service) module that implements the SASL mechanism:

    • org.apache.kafka.common.security.oauthbearer.OAuthBearerLoginModule implements the OAUTHBEARER mechanism

    • org.apache.kafka.common.security.plain.PlainLoginModule implements the PLAIN mechanism

  • SASL authentication properties, which support the following authentication methods:

    • OAuth 2.0 client credentials

    • OAuth 2.0 password grant (deprecated)

    • Access token

    • Refresh token

Add the SASL authentication properties as JAAS configuration (sasl.jaas.config). How you configure the authentication properties depends on the authentication method you are using to access the OAuth 2.0 authorization server. In this procedure, the properties are specified in a properties file, then loaded into the client configuration.

Note
 You can also specify authentication properties as environment variables, or as Java system properties. For Java system properties, you can set them using setProperty and pass them on the command line using the -D option.
Prerequisites

  • Strimzi and Kafka are running

  • An OAuth 2.0 authorization server is deployed and configured for OAuth access to Kafka brokers

  • Kafka brokers are configured for OAuth 2.0

Procedure

  1. Add the client library with OAuth 2.0 support to the pom.xml file for the Kafka client:

    <dependency>
 <groupId>io.strimzi</groupId>
 <artifactId>kafka-oauth-client</artifactId>
 <version>0.13.0</version>
</dependency>

  2. Configure the client properties by specifying the following configuration in a properties file:

    • The security protocol

    • The SASL mechanism

    • The JAAS module and authentication properties according to the method being used

      For example, we can add the following to a client.properties file:

      Client credentials mechanism properties
      security.protocol=SASL_SSL # (1)
sasl.mechanism=OAUTHBEARER # (2)
ssl.truststore.location=/tmp/truststore.p12 (3)
ssl.truststore.password=$STOREPASS
ssl.truststore.type=PKCS12
sasl.jaas.config=org.apache.kafka.common.security.oauthbearer.OAuthBearerLoginModule required \
  oauth.token.endpoint.uri="<token_endpoint_url>" \ # (4)
  oauth.client.id="<client_id>" \ # (5)
  oauth.client.secret="<client_secret>" \ # (6)
  oauth.ssl.truststore.location="/tmp/oauth-truststore.p12" \ (7)
  oauth.ssl.truststore.password="$STOREPASS" \ (8)
  oauth.ssl.truststore.type="PKCS12" \ (9)
  oauth.scope="<scope>" \ # (10)
  oauth.audience="<audience>" ; # (11)

      1. SASL_SSL security protocol for TLS-encrypted connections. Use SASL_PLAINTEXT over unencrypted connections for local development only.

      2. The SASL mechanism specified as OAUTHBEARER or PLAIN.

      3. The truststore configuration for secure access to the Kafka cluster.

      4. URI of the authorization server token endpoint.

      5. Client ID, which is the name used when creating the client in the authorization server.

      6. Client secret created when creating the client in the authorization server.

      7. The location contains the public key certificate (truststore.p12) for the authorization server.

      8. The password for accessing the truststore.

      9. The truststore type.

      10. (Optional) The scope for requesting the token from the token endpoint. An authorization server may require a client to specify the scope.

      11. (Optional) The audience for requesting the token from the token endpoint. An authorization server may require a client to specify the audience.

      Password grants mechanism properties
      security.protocol=SASL_SSL
sasl.mechanism=OAUTHBEARER
ssl.truststore.location=/tmp/truststore.p12
ssl.truststore.password=$STOREPASS
ssl.truststore.type=PKCS12
sasl.jaas.config=org.apache.kafka.common.security.oauthbearer.OAuthBearerLoginModule required \
  oauth.token.endpoint.uri="<token_endpoint_url>" \
  oauth.client.id="<client_id>" \ # (1)
  oauth.client.secret="<client_secret>" \ # (2)
  oauth.password.grant.username="<username>" \ # (3)
  oauth.password.grant.password="<password>" \ # (4)
  oauth.ssl.truststore.location="/tmp/oauth-truststore.p12" \
  oauth.ssl.truststore.password="$STOREPASS" \
  oauth.ssl.truststore.type="PKCS12" \
  oauth.scope="<scope>" \
  oauth.audience="<audience>" ;

      1. Client ID, which is the name used when creating the client in the authorization server.

      2. (Optional) Client secret created when creating the client in the authorization server.

      3. Username for password grant authentication. OAuth password grant configuration (username and password) uses the OAuth 2.0 password grant method. To use password grants, create a user account for a client on your authorization server with limited permissions. The account should act like a service account. Use in environments where user accounts are required for authentication, but consider using a refresh token first.

      4. Password for password grant authentication.

        Note
        		 SASL PLAIN does not support passing a username and password (password grants) using the OAuth 2.0 password grant method.
      Access token properties
      security.protocol=SASL_SSL
sasl.mechanism=OAUTHBEARER
ssl.truststore.location=/tmp/truststore.p12
ssl.truststore.password=$STOREPASS
ssl.truststore.type=PKCS12
sasl.jaas.config=org.apache.kafka.common.security.oauthbearer.OAuthBearerLoginModule required \
  oauth.token.endpoint.uri="<token_endpoint_url>" \
  oauth.access.token="<access_token>" ; # (1)
  oauth.ssl.truststore.location="/tmp/oauth-truststore.p12" \
  oauth.ssl.truststore.password="$STOREPASS" \
  oauth.ssl.truststore.type="PKCS12" \

      1. Long-lived access token for Kafka clients.

      Refresh token properties
      security.protocol=SASL_SSL
sasl.mechanism=OAUTHBEARER
ssl.truststore.location=/tmp/truststore.p12
ssl.truststore.password=$STOREPASS
ssl.truststore.type=PKCS12
sasl.jaas.config=org.apache.kafka.common.security.oauthbearer.OAuthBearerLoginModule required \
  oauth.token.endpoint.uri="<token_endpoint_url>" \
  oauth.client.id="<client_id>" \ # (1)
  oauth.client.secret="<client_secret>" \ # (2)
  oauth.refresh.token="<refresh_token>" ; # (3)
  oauth.ssl.truststore.location="/tmp/oauth-truststore.p12" \
  oauth.ssl.truststore.password="$STOREPASS" \
  oauth.ssl.truststore.type="PKCS12" \

      1. Client ID, which is the name used when creating the client in the authorization server.

      2. (Optional) Client secret created when creating the client in the authorization server.

      3. Long-lived refresh token for Kafka clients.

  3. Input the client properties for OAUTH 2.0 authentication into the Java client code.

    Example showing input of client properties
    Properties props = new Properties();
try (FileReader reader = new FileReader("client.properties", StandardCharsets.UTF_8)) {
  props.load(reader);
}

  4. Verify that the Kafka client can access the Kafka brokers.

Configuring OAuth 2.0 for Kafka components

This procedure describes how to configure Kafka components to use OAuth 2.0 authentication using an authorization server.

You can configure authentication for:

  • Kafka Connect

  • Kafka MirrorMaker

  • Kafka Bridge

In this scenario, the Kafka component and the authorization server are running in the same cluster.

Before you start

For more information on the configuration of OAuth 2.0 authentication for Kafka components, see the KafkaClientAuthenticationOAuth schema reference. The schema reference includes examples of configuration options.

Prerequisites

  • Strimzi and Kafka are running

  • An OAuth 2.0 authorization server is deployed and configured for OAuth access to Kafka brokers

  • Kafka brokers are configured for OAuth 2.0

Procedure

  1. Create a client secret and mount it to the component as an environment variable.

    For example, here we are creating a client Secret for the Kafka Bridge:

    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Secret
metadata:
 name: my-bridge-oauth
type: Opaque
data:
 clientSecret: MGQ1OTRmMzYtZTllZS00MDY2LWI5OGEtMTM5MzM2NjdlZjQw (1)

    1. The clientSecret key must be in base64 format.

  2. Create or edit the resource for the Kafka component so that OAuth 2.0 authentication is configured for the authentication property.

    For OAuth 2.0 authentication, you can use the following options:

    • Client ID and secret

    • Client ID and refresh token

    • Access token

    • Username and password

    • TLS

    For example, here OAuth 2.0 is assigned to the Kafka Bridge client using a client ID and secret, and TLS:

    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaBridge
metadata:
  name: my-bridge
spec:
  # ...
  authentication:
    type: oauth (1)
    tokenEndpointUri: https://<auth-server-address>/auth/realms/master/protocol/openid-connect/token (2)
    clientId: kafka-bridge
    clientSecret:
      secretName: my-bridge-oauth
      key: clientSecret
    tlsTrustedCertificates: (3)
    - secretName: oauth-server-cert
      certificate: tls.crt

    1. Authentication type set to oauth.

    2. URI of the token endpoint for authentication.

    3. Trusted certificates for TLS connection to the authorization server.

    Depending on how you apply OAuth 2.0 authentication, and the type of authorization server, there are additional configuration options you can use:

    # ...
spec:
  # ...
  authentication:
    # ...
    disableTlsHostnameVerification: true (1)
    checkAccessTokenType: false (2)
    accessTokenIsJwt: false (3)
    scope: any (4)
    audience: kafka (5)
    connectTimeoutSeconds: 60 (6)
    readTimeoutSeconds: 60 (7)
    httpRetries: 2 (8)
    httpRetryPauseMs: 300 (9)

    1. (Optional) Disable TLS hostname verification. Default is false.

    2. If the authorization server does not return a typ (type) claim inside the JWT token, you can apply checkAccessTokenType: false to skip the token type check. Default is true.

    3. If you are using opaque tokens, you can apply accessTokenIsJwt: false so that access tokens are not treated as JWT tokens.

    4. (Optional) The scope for requesting the token from the token endpoint. An authorization server may require a client to specify the scope. In this case it is any.

    5. (Optional) The audience for requesting the token from the token endpoint. An authorization server may require a client to specify the audience. In this case it is kafka.

    6. (Optional) The connect timeout in seconds when connecting to the authorization server. The default value is 60.

    7. (Optional) The read timeout in seconds when connecting to the authorization server. The default value is 60.

    8. (Optional) The maximum number of times to retry a failed HTTP request to the authorization server. The default value is 0, meaning that no retries are performed. To use this option effectively, consider reducing the timeout times for the connectTimeoutSeconds and readTimeoutSeconds options. However, note that retries may prevent the current worker thread from being available to other requests, and if too many requests stall, it could make the Kafka broker unresponsive.

    9. (Optional) The time to wait before attempting another retry of a failed HTTP request to the authorization server. By default, this time is set to zero, meaning that no pause is applied. This is because many issues that cause failed requests are per-request network glitches or proxy issues that can be resolved quickly. However, if your authorization server is under stress or experiencing high traffic, you may want to set this option to a value of 100 ms or more to reduce the load on the server and increase the likelihood of successful retries.

  3. Apply the changes to the deployment of your Kafka resource.

    kubectl apply -f your-file

  4. Check the update in the logs or by watching the pod state transitions:

    kubectl logs -f ${POD_NAME} -c ${CONTAINER_NAME}
kubectl get pod -w

    The rolling updates configure the component for interaction with Kafka brokers using OAuth 2.0 authentication.

10.4.7. Authorization server examples

When choosing an authorization server, consider the features that best support configuration of your chosen authentication flow.

For the purposes of testing OAuth 2.0 with Strimzi, Keycloak and ORY Hydra were implemented as the OAuth 2.0 authorization server.

For more information, see:

10.5. Using OAuth 2.0 token-based authorization

If you are using OAuth 2.0 with Keycloak for token-based authentication, you can also use Keycloak to configure authorization rules to constrain client access to Kafka brokers. Authentication establishes the identity of a user. Authorization decides the level of access for that user.

Strimzi supports the use of OAuth 2.0 token-based authorization through Keycloak Keycloak Authorization Services, which allows you to manage security policies and permissions centrally.

Security policies and permissions defined in Keycloak are used to grant access to resources on Kafka brokers. Users and clients are matched against policies that permit access to perform specific actions on Kafka brokers.

Kafka allows all users full access to brokers by default, and also provides the AclAuthorizer plugin to configure authorization based on Access Control Lists (ACLs).

ZooKeeper stores ACL rules that grant or deny access to resources based on username. However, OAuth 2.0 token-based authorization with Keycloak offers far greater flexibility on how you wish to implement access control to Kafka brokers. In addition, you can configure your Kafka brokers to use OAuth 2.0 authorization and ACLs.

Additional resources

10.5.1. OAuth 2.0 authorization mechanism

OAuth 2.0 authorization in Strimzi uses Keycloak server Authorization Services REST endpoints to extend token-based authentication with Keycloak by applying defined security policies on a particular user, and providing a list of permissions granted on different resources for that user. Policies use roles and groups to match permissions to users. OAuth 2.0 authorization enforces permissions locally based on the received list of grants for the user from Keycloak Authorization Services.

Kafka broker custom authorizer

A Keycloak authorizer (KeycloakAuthorizer) is provided with Strimzi. To be able to use the Keycloak REST endpoints for Authorization Services provided by Keycloak, you configure a custom authorizer on the Kafka broker.

The authorizer fetches a list of granted permissions from the authorization server as needed, and enforces authorization locally on the Kafka Broker, making rapid authorization decisions for each client request.

10.5.2. Configuring OAuth 2.0 authorization support

This procedure describes how to configure Kafka brokers to use OAuth 2.0 authorization using Keycloak Authorization Services.

Before you begin

Consider the access you require or want to limit for certain users. You can use a combination of Keycloak groups, roles, clients, and users to configure access in Keycloak.

Typically, groups are used to match users based on organizational departments or geographical locations. And roles are used to match users based on their function.

With Keycloak, you can store users and groups in LDAP, whereas clients and roles cannot be stored this way. Storage and access to user data may be a factor in how you choose to configure authorization policies.

Note
 Super users always have unconstrained access to a Kafka broker regardless of the authorization implemented on the Kafka broker.
Prerequisites

  • Strimzi must be configured to use OAuth 2.0 with Keycloak for token-based authentication. You use the same Keycloak server endpoint when you set up authorization.

  • OAuth 2.0 authentication must be configured with the maxSecondsWithoutReauthentication option to enable re-authentication.

Procedure

  1. Access the Keycloak Admin Console or use the Keycloak Admin CLI to enable Authorization Services for the Kafka broker client you created when setting up OAuth 2.0 authentication.

  2. Use Authorization Services to define resources, authorization scopes, policies, and permissions for the client.

  3. Bind the permissions to users and clients by assigning them roles and groups.

  4. Configure the Kafka brokers to use Keycloak authorization by updating the Kafka broker configuration (Kafka.spec.kafka) of your Kafka resource in an editor.

    kubectl edit kafka my-cluster

  5. Configure the Kafka broker kafka configuration to use keycloak authorization, and to be able to access the authorization server and Authorization Services.

    For example:

    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  name: my-cluster
spec:
  kafka:
    # ...
    authorization:
      type: keycloak (1)
      tokenEndpointUri: <https://<auth-server-address>/auth/realms/external/protocol/openid-connect/token> (2)
      clientId: kafka (3)
      delegateToKafkaAcls: false (4)
      disableTlsHostnameVerification: false (5)
      superUsers: (6)
      - CN=fred
      - sam
      - CN=edward
      tlsTrustedCertificates: (7)
      - secretName: oauth-server-cert
        certificate: ca.crt
      grantsRefreshPeriodSeconds: 60 (8)
      grantsRefreshPoolSize: 5 (9)
      grantsMaxIdleSeconds: 300 (10)
      grantsGcPeriodSeconds: 300 (11)
      grantsAlwaysLatest: false (12)
      connectTimeoutSeconds: 60 (13)
      readTimeoutSeconds: 60 (14)
      httpRetries: 2 (15)
      enableMetrics: false (16)
    #...

    1. Type keycloak enables Keycloak authorization.

    2. URI of the Keycloak token endpoint. For production, always use https:// urls. When you configure token-based oauth authentication, you specify a jwksEndpointUri as the URI for local JWT validation. The hostname for the tokenEndpointUri URI must be the same.

    3. The client ID of the OAuth 2.0 client definition in Keycloak that has Authorization Services enabled. Typically, kafka is used as the ID.

    4. (Optional) Delegate authorization to Kafka AclAuthorizer if access is denied by Keycloak Authorization Services policies. Default is false.

    5. (Optional) Disable TLS hostname verification. Default is false.

    6. (Optional) Designated super users.

    7. (Optional) Trusted certificates for TLS connection to the authorization server.

    8. (Optional) The time between two consecutive grants refresh runs. That is the maximum time for active sessions to detect any permissions changes for the user on Keycloak. The default value is 60.

    9. (Optional) The number of threads to use to refresh (in parallel) the grants for the active sessions. The default value is 5.

    10. (Optional) The time, in seconds, after which an idle grant in the cache can be evicted. The default value is 300.

    11. (Optional) The time, in seconds, between consecutive runs of a job that cleans stale grants from the cache. The default value is 300.

    12. (Optional) Controls whether the latest grants are fetched for a new session. When enabled, grants are retrieved from Keycloak and cached for the user. The default value is false.

    13. (Optional) The connect timeout in seconds when connecting to the Keycloak token endpoint. The default value is 60.

    14. (Optional) The read timeout in seconds when connecting to the Keycloak token endpoint. The default value is 60.

    15. (Optional) The maximum number of times to retry (without pausing) a failed HTTP request to the authorization server. The default value is 0, meaning that no retries are performed. To use this option effectively, consider reducing the timeout times for the connectTimeoutSeconds and readTimeoutSeconds options. However, note that retries may prevent the current worker thread from being available to other requests, and if too many requests stall, it could make the Kafka broker unresponsive.

    16. (Optional) Enable or disable OAuth metrics. The default value is false.

  6. Save and exit the editor, then wait for rolling updates to complete.

  7. Check the update in the logs or by watching the pod state transitions:

    kubectl logs -f ${POD_NAME} -c kafka
kubectl get pod -w

    The rolling update configures the brokers to use OAuth 2.0 authorization.

  8. Verify the configured permissions by accessing Kafka brokers as clients or users with specific roles, making sure they have the necessary access, or do not have the access they are not supposed to have.

10.5.3. Managing policies and permissions in Keycloak Authorization Services

This section describes the authorization models used by Keycloak Authorization Services and Kafka, and defines the important concepts in each model.

To grant permissions to access Kafka, you can map Keycloak Authorization Services objects to Kafka resources by creating an OAuth client specification in Keycloak. Kafka permissions are granted to user accounts or service accounts using Keycloak Authorization Services rules.

Examples are shown of the different user permissions required for common Kafka operations, such as creating and listing topics.

Kafka and Keycloak authorization models overview

Kafka and Keycloak Authorization Services use different authorization models.

Kafka authorization model

Kafka’s authorization model uses resource types. When a Kafka client performs an action on a broker, the broker uses the configured KeycloakAuthorizer to check the client’s permissions, based on the action and resource type.

Kafka uses five resource types to control access: Topic, Group, Cluster, TransactionalId, and DelegationToken. Each resource type has a set of available permissions.

Topic

  • Create

  • Write

  • Read

  • Delete

  • Describe

  • DescribeConfigs

  • Alter

  • AlterConfigs

Group

  • Read

  • Describe

  • Delete

Cluster

  • Create

  • Describe

  • Alter

  • DescribeConfigs

  • AlterConfigs

  • IdempotentWrite

  • ClusterAction

TransactionalId

  • Describe

  • Write

DelegationToken

  • Describe

Keycloak Authorization Services model

The Keycloak Authorization Services model has four concepts for defining and granting permissions: resources, authorization scopes, policies, and permissions.

Resources

A resource is a set of resource definitions that are used to match resources with permitted actions. A resource might be an individual topic, for example, or all topics with names starting with the same prefix. A resource definition is associated with a set of available authorization scopes, which represent a set of all actions available on the resource. Often, only a subset of these actions is actually permitted.

Authorization scopes

An authorization scope is a set of all the available actions on a specific resource definition. When you define a new resource, you add scopes from the set of all scopes.

Policies

A policy is an authorization rule that uses criteria to match against a list of accounts. Policies can match:

  • Service accounts based on client ID or roles

  • User accounts based on username, groups, or roles.

Permissions

A permission grants a subset of authorization scopes on a specific resource definition to a set of users.

Additional resources
Map Keycloak Authorization Services to the Kafka authorization model

The Kafka authorization model is used as a basis for defining the Keycloak roles and resources that will control access to Kafka.

To grant Kafka permissions to user accounts or service accounts, you first create an OAuth client specification in Keycloak for the Kafka broker. You then specify Keycloak Authorization Services rules on the client. Typically, the client id of the OAuth client that represents the broker is kafka. The example configuration files provided with Strimzi use kafka as the OAuth client id.

Note

If you have multiple Kafka clusters, you can use a single OAuth client (kafka) for all of them. This gives you a single, unified space in which to define and manage authorization rules. However, you can also use different OAuth client ids (for example, my-cluster-kafka or cluster-dev-kafka) and define authorization rules for each cluster within each client configuration.

The kafka client definition must have the Authorization Enabled option enabled in the Keycloak Admin Console.

All permissions exist within the scope of the kafka client. If you have different Kafka clusters configured with different OAuth client IDs, they each need a separate set of permissions even though they’re part of the same Keycloak realm.

When the Kafka client uses OAUTHBEARER authentication, the Keycloak authorizer (KeycloakAuthorizer) uses the access token of the current session to retrieve a list of grants from the Keycloak server. To retrieve the grants, the authorizer evaluates the Keycloak Authorization Services policies and permissions.

Authorization scopes for Kafka permissions

An initial Keycloak configuration usually involves uploading authorization scopes to create a list of all possible actions that can be performed on each Kafka resource type. This step is performed once only, before defining any permissions. You can add authorization scopes manually instead of uploading them.

Authorization scopes must contain all the possible Kafka permissions regardless of the resource type:

  • Create

  • Write

  • Read

  • Delete

  • Describe

  • Alter

  • DescribeConfig

  • AlterConfig

  • ClusterAction

  • IdempotentWrite

Note

If you’re certain you won’t need a permission (for example, IdempotentWrite), you can omit it from the list of authorization scopes. However, that permission won’t be available to target on Kafka resources.
Resource patterns for permissions checks

Resource patterns are used for pattern matching against the targeted resources when performing permission checks. The general pattern format is RESOURCE-TYPE:PATTERN-NAME.

The resource types mirror the Kafka authorization model. The pattern allows for two matching options:

  • Exact matching (when the pattern does not end with *)

  • Prefix matching (when the pattern ends with *)

Example patterns for resources
Topic:my-topic
Topic:orders-*
Group:orders-*
Cluster:*

Additionally, the general pattern format can be prefixed by kafka-cluster:CLUSTER-NAME followed by a comma, where CLUSTER-NAME refers to the metadata.name in the Kafka custom resource.

Example patterns for resources with cluster prefix
kafka-cluster:my-cluster,Topic:*
kafka-cluster:*,Group:b_*

When the kafka-cluster prefix is missing, it is assumed to be kafka-cluster:*.

When defining a resource, you can associate it with a list of possible authorization scopes which are relevant to the resource. Set whatever actions make sense for the targeted resource type.

Though you may add any authorization scope to any resource, only the scopes supported by the resource type are considered for access control.

Policies for applying access permission

Policies are used to target permissions to one or more user accounts or service accounts. Targeting can refer to:

  • Specific user or service accounts

  • Realm roles or client roles

  • User groups

  • JavaScript rules to match a client IP address

A policy is given a unique name and can be reused to target multiple permissions to multiple resources.

Permissions to grant access

Use fine-grained permissions to pull together the policies, resources, and authorization scopes that grant access to users.

The name of each permission should clearly define which permissions it grants to which users. For example, Dev Team B can read from topics starting with x.

Additional resources
Example permissions required for Kafka operations

The following examples demonstrate the user permissions required for performing common operations on Kafka.

Create a topic

To create a topic, the Create permission is required for the specific topic, or for Cluster:kafka-cluster.

bin/kafka-topics.sh --create --topic my-topic \
  --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9092 --command-config=/tmp/config.properties
List topics

If a user has the Describe permission on a specified topic, the topic is listed.

bin/kafka-topics.sh --list \
  --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9092 --command-config=/tmp/config.properties
Display topic details

To display a topic’s details, Describe and DescribeConfigs permissions are required on the topic.

bin/kafka-topics.sh --describe --topic my-topic \
  --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9092 --command-config=/tmp/config.properties
Produce messages to a topic

To produce messages to a topic, Describe and Write permissions are required on the topic.

If the topic hasn’t been created yet, and topic auto-creation is enabled, the permissions to create a topic are required.

bin/kafka-console-producer.sh  --topic my-topic \
  --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9092 --producer.config=/tmp/config.properties
Consume messages from a topic

To consume messages from a topic, Describe and Read permissions are required on the topic. Consuming from the topic normally relies on storing the consumer offsets in a consumer group, which requires additional Describe and Read permissions on the consumer group.

Two resources are needed for matching. For example:

Topic:my-topic
Group:my-group-*
bin/kafka-console-consumer.sh --topic my-topic --group my-group-1 --from-beginning \
  --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9092 --consumer.config /tmp/config.properties
Produce messages to a topic using an idempotent producer

As well as the permissions for producing to a topic, an additional IdempotentWrite permission is required on the Cluster:kafka-cluster resource.

Two resources are needed for matching. For example:

Topic:my-topic
Cluster:kafka-cluster
bin/kafka-console-producer.sh  --topic my-topic \
  --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9092 --producer.config=/tmp/config.properties --producer-property enable.idempotence=true --request-required-acks -1
List consumer groups

When listing consumer groups, only the groups on which the user has the Describe permissions are returned. Alternatively, if the user has the Describe permission on the Cluster:kafka-cluster, all the consumer groups are returned.

bin/kafka-consumer-groups.sh --list \
  --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9092 --command-config=/tmp/config.properties
Display consumer group details

To display a consumer group’s details, the Describe permission is required on the group and the topics associated with the group.

bin/kafka-consumer-groups.sh --describe --group my-group-1 \
  --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9092 --command-config=/tmp/config.properties
Change topic configuration

To change a topic’s configuration, the Describe and Alter permissions are required on the topic.

bin/kafka-topics.sh --alter --topic my-topic --partitions 2 \
  --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9092 --command-config=/tmp/config.properties
Display Kafka broker configuration

In order to use kafka-configs.sh to get a broker’s configuration, the DescribeConfigs permission is required on the Cluster:kafka-cluster.

bin/kafka-configs.sh --entity-type brokers --entity-name 0 --describe --all \
  --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9092 --command-config=/tmp/config.properties
Change Kafka broker configuration

To change a Kafka broker’s configuration, DescribeConfigs and AlterConfigs permissions are required on Cluster:kafka-cluster.

bin/kafka-configs --entity-type brokers --entity-name 0 --alter --add-config log.cleaner.threads=2 \
  --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9092 --command-config=/tmp/config.properties
Delete a topic

To delete a topic, the Describe and Delete permissions are required on the topic.

bin/kafka-topics.sh --delete --topic my-topic \
  --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9092 --command-config=/tmp/config.properties
Select a lead partition

To run leader selection for topic partitions, the Alter permission is required on the Cluster:kafka-cluster.

bin/kafka-leader-election.sh --topic my-topic --partition 0 --election-type PREFERRED  /
  --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9092 --admin.config /tmp/config.properties
Reassign partitions

To generate a partition reassignment file, Describe permissions are required on the topics involved.

bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh --topics-to-move-json-file /tmp/topics-to-move.json --broker-list "0,1" --generate \
  --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9092 --command-config /tmp/config.properties > /tmp/partition-reassignment.json

To execute the partition reassignment, Describe and Alter permissions are required on Cluster:kafka-cluster. Also, Describe permissions are required on the topics involved.

bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh --reassignment-json-file /tmp/partition-reassignment.json --execute \
  --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9092 --command-config /tmp/config.properties

To verify partition reassignment, Describe, and AlterConfigs permissions are required on Cluster:kafka-cluster, and on each of the topics involved.

bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh --reassignment-json-file /tmp/partition-reassignment.json --verify \
  --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9092 --command-config /tmp/config.properties

10.5.4. Trying Keycloak Authorization Services

This example explains how to use Keycloak Authorization Services with keycloak authorization. Use Keycloak Authorization Services to enforce access restrictions on Kafka clients. Keycloak Authorization Services use authorization scopes, policies and permissions to define and apply access control to resources.

Keycloak Authorization Services REST endpoints provide a list of granted permissions on resources for authenticated users. The list of grants (permissions) is fetched from the Keycloak server as the first action after an authenticated session is established by the Kafka client. The list is refreshed in the background so that changes to the grants are detected. Grants are cached and enforced locally on the Kafka broker for each user session to provide fast authorization decisions.

Strimzi provides example configuration files. These include the following example files for setting up Keycloak:

kafka-ephemeral-oauth-single-keycloak-authz.yaml

An example Kafka custom resource configured for OAuth 2.0 token-based authorization using Keycloak. You can use the custom resource to deploy a Kafka cluster that uses keycloak authorization and token-based oauth authentication.

kafka-authz-realm.json

An example Keycloak realm configured with sample groups, users, roles and clients. You can import the realm into a Keycloak instance to set up fine-grained permissions to access Kafka.

If you want to try the example with Keycloak, use these files to perform the tasks outlined in this section in the order shown.

  1. Accessing the Keycloak Admin Console

  2. Deploying a Kafka cluster with Keycloak authorization

  3. Preparing TLS connectivity for a CLI Kafka client session

  4. Checking authorized access to Kafka using a CLI Kafka client session

Authentication

When you configure token-based oauth authentication, you specify a jwksEndpointUri as the URI for local JWT validation. When you configure keycloak authorization, you specify a tokenEndpointUri as the URI of the Keycloak token endpoint. The hostname for both URIs must be the same.

Targeted permissions with group or role policies

In Keycloak, confidential clients with service accounts enabled can authenticate to the server in their own name using a client ID and a secret. This is convenient for microservices that typically act in their own name, and not as agents of a particular user (like a web site). Service accounts can have roles assigned like regular users. They cannot, however, have groups assigned. As a consequence, if you want to target permissions to microservices using service accounts, you cannot use group policies, and should instead use role policies. Conversely, if you want to limit certain permissions only to regular user accounts where authentication with a username and password is required, you can achieve that as a side effect of using the group policies rather than the role policies. This is what is used in this example for permissions that start with ClusterManager. Performing cluster management is usually done interactively using CLI tools. It makes sense to require the user to log in before using the resulting access token to authenticate to the Kafka broker. In this case, the access token represents the specific user, rather than the client application.

Accessing the Keycloak Admin Console

Set up Keycloak, then connect to its Admin Console and add the preconfigured realm. Use the example kafka-authz-realm.json file to import the realm. You can check the authorization rules defined for the realm in the Admin Console. The rules grant access to the resources on the Kafka cluster configured to use the example Keycloak realm.

Prerequisites

  • A running Kubernetes cluster.

  • The Strimzi examples/security/keycloak-authorization/kafka-authz-realm.json file that contains the preconfigured realm.

Procedure

  1. Install the Keycloak server using the Keycloak Operator as described in Installing the Keycloak Operator in the Keycloak documentation.

  2. Wait until the Keycloak instance is running.

  3. Get the external hostname to be able to access the Admin Console.

    NS=sso
kubectl get ingress keycloak -n $NS

    In this example, we assume the Keycloak server is running in the sso namespace.

  4. Get the password for the admin user.

    kubectl get -n $NS pod keycloak-0 -o yaml | less

    The password is stored as a secret, so get the configuration YAML file for the Keycloak instance to identify the name of the secret (secretKeyRef.name).

  5. Use the name of the secret to obtain the clear text password.

    SECRET_NAME=credential-keycloak
kubectl get -n $NS secret $SECRET_NAME -o yaml | grep PASSWORD | awk '{print $2}' | base64 -D

    In this example, we assume the name of the secret is credential-keycloak.

  6. Log in to the Admin Console with the username admin and the password you obtained.

    Use https://HOSTNAME to access the Kubernetes Ingress.

    You can now upload the example realm to Keycloak using the Admin Console.

  7. Click Add Realm to import the example realm.

  8. Add the examples/security/keycloak-authorization/kafka-authz-realm.json file, and then click Create.

    You now have kafka-authz as your current realm in the Admin Console.

    The default view displays the Master realm.

  9. In the Keycloak Admin Console, go to Clients > kafka > Authorization > Settings and check that Decision Strategy is set to Affirmative.

    An affirmative policy means that at least one policy must be satisfied for a client to access the Kafka cluster.

  10. In the Keycloak Admin Console, go to Groups, Users, Roles and Clients to view the realm configuration.

    Groups

    Groups are used to create user groups and set user permissions. Groups are sets of users with a name assigned. They are used to compartmentalize users into geographical, organizational or departmental units. Groups can be linked to an LDAP identity provider. You can make a user a member of a group through a custom LDAP server admin user interface, for example, to grant permissions on Kafka resources.

    Users

    Users are used to create users. For this example, alice and bob are defined. alice is a member of the ClusterManager group and bob is a member of ClusterManager-my-cluster group. Users can be stored in an LDAP identity provider.

    Roles

    Roles mark users or clients as having certain permissions. Roles are a concept analogous to groups. They are usually used to tag users with organizational roles and have the requisite permissions. Roles cannot be stored in an LDAP identity provider. If LDAP is a requirement, you can use groups instead, and add Keycloak roles to the groups so that when users are assigned a group they also get a corresponding role.

    Clients

    Clients can have specific configurations. For this example, kafka, kafka-cli, team-a-client, and team-b-client clients are configured.

    • The kafka client is used by Kafka brokers to perform the necessary OAuth 2.0 communication for access token validation. This client also contains the authorization services resource definitions, policies, and authorization scopes used to perform authorization on the Kafka brokers. The authorization configuration is defined in the kafka client from the Authorization tab, which becomes visible when Authorization Enabled is switched on from the Settings tab.

    • The kafka-cli client is a public client that is used by the Kafka command line tools when authenticating with username and password to obtain an access token or a refresh token.

    • The team-a-client and team-b-client clients are confidential clients representing services with partial access to certain Kafka topics.

  11. In the Keycloak Admin Console, go to Authorization > Permissions to see the granted permissions that use the resources and policies defined for the realm.

    For example, the kafka client has the following permissions:

    Dev Team A can write to topics that start with x_ on any cluster
Dev Team B can read from topics that start with x_ on any cluster
Dev Team B can update consumer group offsets that start with x_ on any cluster
ClusterManager of my-cluster Group has full access to cluster config on my-cluster
ClusterManager of my-cluster Group has full access to consumer groups on my-cluster
ClusterManager of my-cluster Group has full access to topics on my-cluster
    Dev Team A

    The Dev Team A realm role can write to topics that start with x_ on any cluster. This combines a resource called Topic:x_*, Describe and Write scopes, and the Dev Team A policy. The Dev Team A policy matches all users that have a realm role called Dev Team A.

    Dev Team B

    The Dev Team B realm role can read from topics that start with x_ on any cluster. This combines Topic:x_*, Group:x_* resources, Describe and Read scopes, and the Dev Team B policy. The Dev Team B policy matches all users that have a realm role called Dev Team B. Matching users and clients have the ability to read from topics, and update the consumed offsets for topics and consumer groups that have names starting with x_.

Deploying a Kafka cluster with Keycloak authorization

Deploy a Kafka cluster configured to connect to the Keycloak server. Use the example kafka-ephemeral-oauth-single-keycloak-authz.yaml file to deploy the Kafka cluster as a Kafka custom resource. The example deploys a single-node Kafka cluster with keycloak authorization and oauth authentication.

Prerequisites

  • The Keycloak authorization server is deployed to your Kubernetes cluster and loaded with the example realm.

  • The Cluster Operator is deployed to your Kubernetes cluster.

  • The Strimzi examples/security/keycloak-authorization/kafka-ephemeral-oauth-single-keycloak-authz.yaml custom resource.

Procedure

  1. Use the hostname of the Keycloak instance you deployed to prepare a truststore certificate for Kafka brokers to communicate with the Keycloak server.

    SSO_HOST=SSO-HOSTNAME
SSO_HOST_PORT=$SSO_HOST:443
STOREPASS=storepass

echo "Q" | openssl s_client -showcerts -connect $SSO_HOST_PORT 2>/dev/null | awk ' /BEGIN CERTIFICATE/,/END CERTIFICATE/ { print $0 } ' > /tmp/sso.pem

    The certificate is required as Kubernetes Ingress is used to make a secure (HTTPS) connection.

    Usually there is not one single certificate, but a certificate chain. You only have to provide the top-most issuer CA, which is listed last in the /tmp/sso.pem file. You can extract it manually or using the following commands:

    Example command to extract the top CA certificate in a certificate chain
    split -p "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----" sso.pem sso-
for f in $(ls sso-*); do mv $f $f.pem; done
cp $(ls sso-* | sort -r | head -n 1) sso-ca.crt
    Note
    		 A trusted CA certificate is normally obtained from a trusted source, and not by using the openssl command.

  2. Deploy the certificate to Kubernetes as a secret.

    kubectl create secret generic oauth-server-cert --from-file=/tmp/sso-ca.crt -n $NS

  3. Set the hostname as an environment variable

    SSO_HOST=SSO-HOSTNAME

  4. Create and deploy the example Kafka cluster.

    cat examples/security/keycloak-authorization/kafka-ephemeral-oauth-single-keycloak-authz.yaml | sed -E 's#\${SSO_HOST}'"#$SSO_HOST#" | kubectl create -n $NS -f -
Preparing TLS connectivity for a CLI Kafka client session

Create a new pod for an interactive CLI session. Set up a truststore with a Keycloak certificate for TLS connectivity. The truststore is to connect to Keycloak and the Kafka broker.

Prerequisites

  • The Keycloak authorization server is deployed to your Kubernetes cluster and loaded with the example realm.

    In the Keycloak Admin Console, check the roles assigned to the clients are displayed in Clients > Service Account Roles.

  • The Kafka cluster configured to connect with Keycloak is deployed to your Kubernetes cluster.

Procedure

  1. Run a new interactive pod container using the Strimzi Kafka image to connect to a running Kafka broker.

    NS=sso
kubectl run -ti --restart=Never --image=quay.io/strimzi/kafka:0.36.0-kafka-3.5.0 kafka-cli -n $NS -- /bin/sh
    Note
    		 If kubectl times out waiting on the image download, subsequent attempts may result in an AlreadyExists error.

  2. Attach to the pod container.

    kubectl attach -ti kafka-cli -n $NS

  3. Use the hostname of the Keycloak instance to prepare a certificate for client connection using TLS.

    SSO_HOST=SSO-HOSTNAME
SSO_HOST_PORT=$SSO_HOST:443
STOREPASS=storepass

echo "Q" | openssl s_client -showcerts -connect $SSO_HOST_PORT 2>/dev/null | awk ' /BEGIN CERTIFICATE/,/END CERTIFICATE/ { print $0 } ' > /tmp/sso.pem

    Usually there is not one single certificate, but a certificate chain. You only have to provide the top-most issuer CA, which is listed last in the /tmp/sso.pem file. You can extract it manually or using the following command:

    Example command to extract the top CA certificate in a certificate chain
    split -p "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----" sso.pem sso-
for f in $(ls sso-*); do mv $f $f.pem; done
cp $(ls sso-* | sort -r | head -n 1) sso-ca.crt
    Note
    		 A trusted CA certificate is normally obtained from a trusted source, and not by using the openssl command.

  4. Create a truststore for TLS connection to the Kafka brokers.

    keytool -keystore /tmp/truststore.p12 -storetype pkcs12 -alias sso -storepass $STOREPASS -import -file /tmp/sso-ca.crt -noprompt

  5. Use the Kafka bootstrap address as the hostname of the Kafka broker and the tls listener port (9093) to prepare a certificate for the Kafka broker.

    KAFKA_HOST_PORT=my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9093
STOREPASS=storepass

echo "Q" | openssl s_client -showcerts -connect $KAFKA_HOST_PORT 2>/dev/null | awk ' /BEGIN CERTIFICATE/,/END CERTIFICATE/ { print $0 } ' > /tmp/my-cluster-kafka.pem

    The obtained .pem file is usually not one single certificate, but a certificate chain. You only have to provide the top-most issuer CA, which is listed last in the /tmp/my-cluster-kafka.pem file. You can extract it manually or using the following command:

    Example command to extract the top CA certificate in a certificate chain
    split -p "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----" /tmp/my-cluster-kafka.pem kafka-
for f in $(ls kafka-*); do mv $f $f.pem; done
cp $(ls kafka-* | sort -r | head -n 1) my-cluster-kafka-ca.crt
    Note
    		 A trusted CA certificate is normally obtained from a trusted source, and not by using the openssl command. For this example we assume the client is running in a pod in the same namespace where the Kafka cluster was deployed. If the client is accessing the Kafka cluster from outside the Kubernetes cluster, you would have to first determine the bootstrap address. In that case you can also get the cluster certificate directly from the Kubernetes secret, and there is no need for openssl. For more information, see Setting up client access to a Kafka cluster.

  6. Add the certificate for the Kafka broker to the truststore.

    keytool -keystore /tmp/truststore.p12 -storetype pkcs12 -alias my-cluster-kafka -storepass $STOREPASS -import -file /tmp/my-cluster-kafka-ca.crt -noprompt

    Keep the session open to check authorized access.

Checking authorized access to Kafka using a CLI Kafka client session

Check the authorization rules applied through the Keycloak realm using an interactive CLI session. Apply the checks using Kafka’s example producer and consumer clients to create topics with user and service accounts that have different levels of access.

Use the team-a-client and team-b-client clients to check the authorization rules. Use the alice admin user to perform additional administrative tasks on Kafka.

The Strimzi Kafka image used in this example contains Kafka producer and consumer binaries.

Prerequisites
Setting up client and admin user configuration

  1. Prepare a Kafka configuration file with authentication properties for the team-a-client client.

    SSO_HOST=SSO-HOSTNAME

cat > /tmp/team-a-client.properties << EOF
security.protocol=SASL_SSL
ssl.truststore.location=/tmp/truststore.p12
ssl.truststore.password=$STOREPASS
ssl.truststore.type=PKCS12
sasl.mechanism=OAUTHBEARER
sasl.jaas.config=org.apache.kafka.common.security.oauthbearer.OAuthBearerLoginModule required \
  oauth.client.id="team-a-client" \
  oauth.client.secret="team-a-client-secret" \
  oauth.ssl.truststore.location="/tmp/truststore.p12" \
  oauth.ssl.truststore.password="$STOREPASS" \
  oauth.ssl.truststore.type="PKCS12" \
  oauth.token.endpoint.uri="https://$SSO_HOST/auth/realms/kafka-authz/protocol/openid-connect/token" ;
sasl.login.callback.handler.class=io.strimzi.kafka.oauth.client.JaasClientOauthLoginCallbackHandler
EOF

    The SASL OAUTHBEARER mechanism is used. This mechanism requires a client ID and client secret, which means the client first connects to the Keycloak server to obtain an access token. The client then connects to the Kafka broker and uses the access token to authenticate.

  2. Prepare a Kafka configuration file with authentication properties for the team-b-client client.

    cat > /tmp/team-b-client.properties << EOF
security.protocol=SASL_SSL
ssl.truststore.location=/tmp/truststore.p12
ssl.truststore.password=$STOREPASS
ssl.truststore.type=PKCS12
sasl.mechanism=OAUTHBEARER
sasl.jaas.config=org.apache.kafka.common.security.oauthbearer.OAuthBearerLoginModule required \
  oauth.client.id="team-b-client" \
  oauth.client.secret="team-b-client-secret" \
  oauth.ssl.truststore.location="/tmp/truststore.p12" \
  oauth.ssl.truststore.password="$STOREPASS" \
  oauth.ssl.truststore.type="PKCS12" \
  oauth.token.endpoint.uri="https://$SSO_HOST/auth/realms/kafka-authz/protocol/openid-connect/token" ;
sasl.login.callback.handler.class=io.strimzi.kafka.oauth.client.JaasClientOauthLoginCallbackHandler
EOF

  3. Authenticate admin user alice by using curl and performing a password grant authentication to obtain a refresh token.

    USERNAME=alice
PASSWORD=alice-password

GRANT_RESPONSE=$(curl -X POST "https://$SSO_HOST/auth/realms/kafka-authz/protocol/openid-connect/token" -H 'Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded' -d "grant_type=password&username=$USERNAME&password=$PASSWORD&client_id=kafka-cli&scope=offline_access" -s -k)

REFRESH_TOKEN=$(echo $GRANT_RESPONSE | awk -F "refresh_token\":\"" '{printf $2}' | awk -F "\"" '{printf $1}')

    The refresh token is an offline token that is long-lived and does not expire.

  4. Prepare a Kafka configuration file with authentication properties for the admin user alice.

    cat > /tmp/alice.properties << EOF
security.protocol=SASL_SSL
ssl.truststore.location=/tmp/truststore.p12
ssl.truststore.password=$STOREPASS
ssl.truststore.type=PKCS12
sasl.mechanism=OAUTHBEARER
sasl.jaas.config=org.apache.kafka.common.security.oauthbearer.OAuthBearerLoginModule required \
  oauth.refresh.token="$REFRESH_TOKEN" \
  oauth.client.id="kafka-cli" \
  oauth.ssl.truststore.location="/tmp/truststore.p12" \
  oauth.ssl.truststore.password="$STOREPASS" \
  oauth.ssl.truststore.type="PKCS12" \
  oauth.token.endpoint.uri="https://$SSO_HOST/auth/realms/kafka-authz/protocol/openid-connect/token" ;
sasl.login.callback.handler.class=io.strimzi.kafka.oauth.client.JaasClientOauthLoginCallbackHandler
EOF

    The kafka-cli public client is used for the oauth.client.id in the sasl.jaas.config. Since it’s a public client it does not require a secret. The client authenticates with the refresh token that was authenticated in the previous step. The refresh token requests an access token behind the scenes, which is then sent to the Kafka broker for authentication.

Producing messages with authorized access

Use the team-a-client configuration to check that you can produce messages to topics that start with a_ or x_.

  1. Write to topic my-topic.

    bin/kafka-console-producer.sh --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9093 --topic my-topic \
  --producer.config=/tmp/team-a-client.properties
First message

    This request returns a Not authorized to access topics: [my-topic] error.

    team-a-client has a Dev Team A role that gives it permission to perform any supported actions on topics that start with a_, but can only write to topics that start with x_. The topic named my-topic matches neither of those rules.

  2. Write to topic a_messages.

    bin/kafka-console-producer.sh --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9093 --topic a_messages \
  --producer.config /tmp/team-a-client.properties
First message
Second message

    Messages are produced to Kafka successfully.

  3. Press CTRL+C to exit the CLI application.

  4. Check the Kafka container log for a debug log of Authorization GRANTED for the request.

    kubectl logs my-cluster-kafka-0 -f -n $NS
Consuming messages with authorized access

Use the team-a-client configuration to consume messages from topic a_messages.

  1. Fetch messages from topic a_messages.

    bin/kafka-console-consumer.sh --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9093 --topic a_messages \
  --from-beginning --consumer.config /tmp/team-a-client.properties

    The request returns an error because the Dev Team A role for team-a-client only has access to consumer groups that have names starting with a_.

  2. Update the team-a-client properties to specify the custom consumer group it is permitted to use.

    bin/kafka-console-consumer.sh --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9093 --topic a_messages \
  --from-beginning --consumer.config /tmp/team-a-client.properties --group a_consumer_group_1

    The consumer receives all the messages from the a_messages topic.

Administering Kafka with authorized access

The team-a-client is an account without any cluster-level access, but it can be used with some administrative operations.

  1. List topics.

    bin/kafka-topics.sh --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9093 --command-config /tmp/team-a-client.properties --list

    The a_messages topic is returned.

  2. List consumer groups.

    bin/kafka-consumer-groups.sh --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9093 --command-config /tmp/team-a-client.properties --list

    The a_consumer_group_1 consumer group is returned.

    Fetch details on the cluster configuration.

    bin/kafka-configs.sh --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9093 --command-config /tmp/team-a-client.properties \
  --entity-type brokers --describe --entity-default

    The request returns an error because the operation requires cluster level permissions that team-a-client does not have.

Using clients with different permissions

Use the team-b-client configuration to produce messages to topics that start with b_.

  1. Write to topic a_messages.

    bin/kafka-console-producer.sh --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9093 --topic a_messages \
  --producer.config /tmp/team-b-client.properties
Message 1

    This request returns a Not authorized to access topics: [a_messages] error.

  2. Write to topic b_messages.

    bin/kafka-console-producer.sh --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9093 --topic b_messages \
  --producer.config /tmp/team-b-client.properties
Message 1
Message 2
Message 3

    Messages are produced to Kafka successfully.

  3. Write to topic x_messages.

    bin/kafka-console-producer.sh --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9093 --topic x_messages \
  --producer.config /tmp/team-b-client.properties
Message 1

    A Not authorized to access topics: [x_messages] error is returned, The team-b-client can only read from topic x_messages.

  4. Write to topic x_messages using team-a-client.

    bin/kafka-console-producer.sh --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9093 --topic x_messages \
  --producer.config /tmp/team-a-client.properties
Message 1

    This request returns a Not authorized to access topics: [x_messages] error. The team-a-client can write to the x_messages topic, but it does not have a permission to create a topic if it does not yet exist. Before team-a-client can write to the x_messages topic, an admin power user must create it with the correct configuration, such as the number of partitions and replicas.

Managing Kafka with an authorized admin user

Use admin user alice to manage Kafka. alice has full access to manage everything on any Kafka cluster.

  1. Create the x_messages topic as alice.

    bin/kafka-topics.sh --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9093 --command-config /tmp/alice.properties \
  --topic x_messages --create --replication-factor 1 --partitions 1

    The topic is created successfully.

  2. List all topics as alice.

    bin/kafka-topics.sh --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9093 --command-config /tmp/alice.properties --list
bin/kafka-topics.sh --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9093 --command-config /tmp/team-a-client.properties --list
bin/kafka-topics.sh --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9093 --command-config /tmp/team-b-client.properties --list

    Admin user alice can list all the topics, whereas team-a-client and team-b-client can only list the topics they have access to.

    The Dev Team A and Dev Team B roles both have Describe permission on topics that start with x_, but they cannot see the other team’s topics because they do not have Describe permissions on them.

  3. Use the team-a-client to produce messages to the x_messages topic:

    bin/kafka-console-producer.sh --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9093 --topic x_messages \
  --producer.config /tmp/team-a-client.properties
Message 1
Message 2
Message 3

    As alice created the x_messages topic, messages are produced to Kafka successfully.

  4. Use the team-b-client to produce messages to the x_messages topic.

    bin/kafka-console-producer.sh --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9093 --topic x_messages \
  --producer.config /tmp/team-b-client.properties
Message 4
Message 5

    This request returns a Not authorized to access topics: [x_messages] error.

  5. Use the team-b-client to consume messages from the x_messages topic:

    bin/kafka-console-consumer.sh --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9093 --topic x_messages \
  --from-beginning --consumer.config /tmp/team-b-client.properties --group x_consumer_group_b

    The consumer receives all the messages from the x_messages topic.

  6. Use the team-a-client to consume messages from the x_messages topic.

    bin/kafka-console-consumer.sh --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9093 --topic x_messages \
  --from-beginning --consumer.config /tmp/team-a-client.properties --group x_consumer_group_a

    This request returns a Not authorized to access topics: [x_messages] error.

  7. Use the team-a-client to consume messages from a consumer group that begins with a_.

    bin/kafka-console-consumer.sh --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9093 --topic x_messages \
  --from-beginning --consumer.config /tmp/team-a-client.properties --group a_consumer_group_a

    This request returns a Not authorized to access topics: [x_messages] error.

    Dev Team A has no Read access on topics that start with a x_.

  8. Use alice to produce messages to the x_messages topic.

    bin/kafka-console-consumer.sh --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9093 --topic x_messages \
  --from-beginning --consumer.config /tmp/alice.properties

    Messages are produced to Kafka successfully.

    alice can read from or write to any topic.

  9. Use alice to read the cluster configuration.

    bin/kafka-configs.sh --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9093 --command-config /tmp/alice.properties \
  --entity-type brokers --describe --entity-default

    The cluster configuration for this example is empty.

Additional resources

11. Managing TLS certificates

Strimzi supports TLS for encrypted communication between Kafka and Strimzi components.

Strimzi establishes encrypted TLS connections for communication between the following components:

  • Kafka brokers and ZooKeeper nodes

  • Kafka brokers (interbroker communication)

  • ZooKeeper nodes (internodal communication)

  • Strimzi operators and Kafka and ZooKeeper

  • Cruise Control and Kafka

  • Kafka Exporter and Kafka

Connections between Kafka brokers use an internal control plane listener on port 9090. Connections to replicate data between brokers, and internal connections from the Strimzi operators, Cruise Control, or the Kafka Exporter, use a replication listener on port 9091. These listeners are not accessible to Kafka clients.

The Cluster Operator automatically sets up and renews TLS certificates to enable encryption and authentication within a cluster. It also sets up other TLS certificates if you want to enable encryption or mTLS authentication between Kafka brokers and clients. Communication between Kafka brokers and Kafka clients is encrypted according to how the cluster is configured using the tls property for spec.kafka.listeners in the Kafka custom resource.

CA (certificate authority) certificates are generated by the Cluster Operator to verify the identities of components and clients. If you don’t want to use the CAs generated by the Cluster Operator, you can install your own cluster and clients CA certificates.

You can also provide Kafka listener certificates for TLS listeners or external listeners that have TLS encryption enabled. Use Kafka listener certificates to incorporate the security infrastructure you already have in place.

Note
 Any certificates you provide are not renewed by the Cluster Operator.
Secure Communication
Figure 4. Kafka and ZooKeeper communication secured by TLS encryption

11.1. Internal cluster CA and clients CA

To support encryption, each Strimzi component needs its own private keys and public key certificates. All component certificates are signed by an internal CA (certificate authority) called the cluster CA.

Similarly, each Kafka client application connecting to Strimzi using mTLS needs to use private keys and certificates. A second internal CA, named the clients CA, is used to sign certificates for the Kafka clients.

Both the cluster CA and clients CA have a self-signed public key certificate.

Kafka brokers are configured to trust certificates signed by either the cluster CA or clients CA. Components that clients do not need to connect to, such as ZooKeeper, only trust certificates signed by the cluster CA. Unless TLS encryption for external listeners is disabled, client applications must trust certificates signed by the cluster CA. This is also true for client applications that perform mTLS authentication.

By default, Strimzi automatically generates and renews CA certificates issued by the cluster CA or clients CA. You can configure the management of these CA certificates using Kafka.spec.clusterCa and Kafka.spec.clientsCa properties.

Note
 If you are providing your own CA certificates, you must renew them before they expire.

11.2. Secrets generated by the operators

Secrets are created when custom resources are deployed, such as Kafka and KafkaUser. Strimzi uses these secrets to store private and public key certificates for Kafka clusters, clients, and users. The secrets are used for establishing TLS encrypted connections between Kafka brokers, and between brokers and clients. They are also used for mTLS authentication.

Cluster and clients secrets are always pairs: one contains the public key and one contains the private key.

Cluster secret

A cluster secret contains the cluster CA to sign Kafka broker certificates. Connecting clients use the certificate to establish a TLS encrypted connection with a Kafka cluster. The certificate verifies broker identity.

Client secret

A client secret contains the clients CA for a user to sign its own client certificate. This allows mutual authentication against the Kafka cluster. The broker validates a client’s identity through the certificate.

User secret

A user secret contains a private key and certificate. The secret is created and signed by the clients CA when a new user is created. The key and certificate are used to authenticate and authorize the user when accessing the cluster.

11.2.1. TLS authentication using keys and certificates in PEM or PKCS #12 format

The secrets created by Strimzi provide private keys and certificates in PEM (Privacy Enhanced Mail) and PKCS #12 (Public-Key Cryptography Standards) formats. PEM and PKCS #12 are OpenSSL-generated key formats for TLS communications using the SSL protocol.

You can configure mutual TLS (mTLS) authentication that uses the credentials contained in the secrets generated for a Kafka cluster and user.

To set up mTLS, you must first do the following:

When you deploy a Kafka cluster, a <cluster_name>-cluster-ca-cert secret is created with public key to verify the cluster. You use the public key to configure a truststore for the client.

When you create a KafkaUser, a <kafka_user_name> secret is created with the keys and certificates to verify the user (client). Use these credentials to configure a keystore for the client.

With the Kafka cluster and client set up to use mTLS, you extract credentials from the secrets and add them to your client configuration.

PEM keys and certificates

For PEM, you add the following to your client configuration:

Truststore

  • ca.crt from the <cluster_name>-cluster-ca-cert secret, which is the CA certificate for the cluster.

Keystore

  • user.crt from the <kafka_user_name> secret, which is the public certificate of the user.

  • user.key from the <kafka_user_name> secret, which is the private key of the user.

PKCS #12 keys and certificates

For PKCS #12, you add the following to your client configuration:

Truststore

  • ca.p12 from the <cluster_name>-cluster-ca-cert secret, which is the CA certificate for the cluster.

  • ca.password from the <cluster_name>-cluster-ca-cert secret, which is the password to access the public cluster CA certificate.

Keystore

  • user.p12 from the <kafka_user_name> secret, which is the public key certificate of the user.

  • user.password from the <kafka_user_name> secret, which is the password to access the public key certificate of the Kafka user.

PKCS #12 is supported by Java, so you can add the values of the certificates directly to your Java client configuration. You can also reference the certificates from a secure storage location. With PEM files, you must add the certificates directly to the client configuration in single-line format. Choose a format that’s suitable for establishing TLS connections between your Kafka cluster and client. Use PKCS #12 if you are unfamiliar with PEM.

Note
 All keys are 2048 bits in size and, by default, are valid for 365 days from the initial generation. You can change the validity period.

11.2.2. Secrets generated by the Cluster Operator

The Cluster Operator generates the following certificates, which are saved as secrets in the Kubernetes cluster. Strimzi uses these secrets by default.

The cluster CA and clients CA have separate secrets for the private key and public key.

<cluster_name>-cluster-ca

Contains the private key of the cluster CA. Strimzi and Kafka components use the private key to sign server certificates.

<cluster_name>-cluster-ca-cert

Contains the public key of the cluster CA. Kafka clients use the public key to verify the identity of the Kafka brokers they are connecting to with TLS server authentication.

<cluster_name>-clients-ca

Contains the private key of the clients CA. Kafka clients use the private key to sign new user certificates for mTLS authentication when connecting to Kafka brokers.

<cluster_name>-clients-ca-cert

Contains the public key of the clients CA. Kafka brokers use the public key to verify the identity of clients accessing the Kafka brokers when mTLS authentication is used.

Secrets for communication between Strimzi components contain a private key and a public key certificate signed by the cluster CA.

<cluster_name>-kafka-brokers

Contains the private and public keys for Kafka brokers.

<cluster_name>-zookeeper-nodes

Contains the private and public keys for ZooKeeper nodes.

<cluster_name>-cluster-operator-certs

Contains the private and public keys for encrypting communication between the Cluster Operator and Kafka or ZooKeeper.

<cluster_name>-entity-topic-operator-certs

Contains the private and public keys for encrypting communication between the Topic Operator and Kafka or ZooKeeper.

<cluster_name>-entity-user-operator-certs

Contains the private and public keys for encrypting communication between the User Operator and Kafka or ZooKeeper.

<cluster_name>-cruise-control-certs

Contains the private and public keys for encrypting communication between Cruise Control and Kafka or ZooKeeper.

<cluster_name>-kafka-exporter-certs

Contains the private and public keys for encrypting communication between Kafka Exporter and Kafka or ZooKeeper.

Note
 You can provide your own server certificates and private keys to connect to Kafka brokers using Kafka listener certificates rather than certificates signed by the cluster CA.

11.2.3. Cluster CA secrets

Cluster CA secrets are managed by the Cluster Operator in a Kafka cluster.

Only the <cluster_name>-cluster-ca-cert secret is required by clients. All other cluster secrets are accessed by Strimzi components. You can enforce this using Kubernetes role-based access controls, if necessary.

Note
 The CA certificates in <cluster_name>-cluster-ca-cert must be trusted by Kafka client applications so that they validate the Kafka broker certificates when connecting to Kafka brokers over TLS.
Table 9. Fields in the <cluster_name>-cluster-ca secret
Field Description

ca.key

The current private key for the cluster CA.
Table 10. Fields in the <cluster_name>-cluster-ca-cert secret
Field Description

ca.p12

PKCS #12 store for storing certificates and keys.

ca.password

Password for protecting the PKCS #12 store.

ca.crt

The current certificate for the cluster CA.
Table 11. Fields in the <cluster_name>-kafka-brokers secret
Field Description

<cluster_name>-kafka-<num>.p12

PKCS #12 store for storing certificates and keys.

<cluster_name>-kafka-<num>.password

Password for protecting the PKCS #12 store.

<cluster_name>-kafka-<num>.crt

Certificate for a Kafka broker pod <num>. Signed by a current or former cluster CA private key in <cluster_name>-cluster-ca.

<cluster_name>-kafka-<num>.key

Private key for a Kafka broker pod <num>.
Table 12. Fields in the <cluster_name>-zookeeper-nodes secret
Field Description

<cluster_name>-zookeeper-<num>.p12

PKCS #12 store for storing certificates and keys.

<cluster_name>-zookeeper-<num>.password

Password for protecting the PKCS #12 store.

<cluster_name>-zookeeper-<num>.crt

Certificate for ZooKeeper node <num>. Signed by a current or former cluster CA private key in <cluster_name>-cluster-ca.

<cluster_name>-zookeeper-<num>.key

Private key for ZooKeeper pod <num>.
Table 13. Fields in the <cluster_name>-cluster-operator-certs secret
Field Description

cluster-operator.p12

PKCS #12 store for storing certificates and keys.

cluster-operator.password

Password for protecting the PKCS #12 store.

cluster-operator.crt

Certificate for mTLS communication between the Cluster Operator and Kafka or ZooKeeper. Signed by a current or former cluster CA private key in <cluster_name>-cluster-ca.

cluster-operator.key

Private key for mTLS communication between the Cluster Operator and Kafka or ZooKeeper.
Table 14. Fields in the <cluster_name>-entity-topic-operator-certs secret
Field Description

entity-operator.p12

PKCS #12 store for storing certificates and keys.

entity-operator.password

Password for protecting the PKCS #12 store.

entity-operator.crt

Certificate for mTLS communication between the Topic Operator and Kafka or ZooKeeper. Signed by a current or former cluster CA private key in <cluster_name>-cluster-ca.

entity-operator.key

Private key for mTLS communication between the Topic Operator and Kafka or ZooKeeper.
Table 15. Fields in the <cluster_name>-entity-user-operator-certs secret
Field Description

entity-operator.p12

PKCS #12 store for storing certificates and keys.

entity-operator.password

Password for protecting the PKCS #12 store.

entity-operator.crt

Certificate for mTLS communication between the User Operator and Kafka or ZooKeeper. Signed by a current or former cluster CA private key in <cluster_name>-cluster-ca.

entity-operator.key

Private key for mTLS communication between the User Operator and Kafka or ZooKeeper.
Table 16. Fields in the <cluster_name>-cruise-control-certs secret
Field Description

cruise-control.p12

PKCS #12 store for storing certificates and keys.

cruise-control.password

Password for protecting the PKCS #12 store.

cruise-control.crt

Certificate for mTLS communication between Cruise Control and Kafka or ZooKeeper. Signed by a current or former cluster CA private key in <cluster_name>-cluster-ca.

cruise-control.key

Private key for mTLS communication between the Cruise Control and Kafka or ZooKeeper.
Table 17. Fields in the <cluster_name>-kafka-exporter-certs secret
Field Description

kafka-exporter.p12

PKCS #12 store for storing certificates and keys.

kafka-exporter.password

Password for protecting the PKCS #12 store.

kafka-exporter.crt

Certificate for mTLS communication between Kafka Exporter and Kafka or ZooKeeper. Signed by a current or former cluster CA private key in <cluster_name>-cluster-ca.

kafka-exporter.key

Private key for mTLS communication between the Kafka Exporter and Kafka or ZooKeeper.

11.2.4. Clients CA secrets

Clients CA secrets are managed by the Cluster Operator in a Kafka cluster.

The certificates in <cluster_name>-clients-ca-cert are those which the Kafka brokers trust.

The <cluster_name>-clients-ca secret is used to sign the certificates of client applications. This secret must be accessible to the Strimzi components and for administrative access if you are intending to issue application certificates without using the User Operator. You can enforce this using Kubernetes role-based access controls, if necessary.

Table 18. Fields in the <cluster_name>-clients-ca secret
Field Description

ca.key

The current private key for the clients CA.
Table 19. Fields in the <cluster_name>-clients-ca-cert secret
Field Description

ca.p12

PKCS #12 store for storing certificates and keys.

ca.password

Password for protecting the PKCS #12 store.

ca.crt

The current certificate for the clients CA.

11.2.5. User secrets generated by the User Operator

User secrets are managed by the User Operator.

When a user is created using the User Operator, a secret is generated using the name of the user.

Table 20. Fields in the user_name secret
Secret name Field within secret Description

<user_name>

user.p12

PKCS #12 store for storing certificates and keys.

user.password

Password for protecting the PKCS #12 store.

user.crt

Certificate for the user, signed by the clients CA

user.key

Private key for the user

11.2.6. Adding labels and annotations to cluster CA secrets

By configuring the clusterCaCert template property in the Kafka custom resource, you can add custom labels and annotations to the Cluster CA secrets created by the Cluster Operator. Labels and annotations are useful for identifying objects and adding contextual information. You configure template properties in Strimzi custom resources.

Example template customization to add labels and annotations to secrets
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  name: my-cluster
spec:
  kafka:
    # ...
    template:
      clusterCaCert:
        metadata:
          labels:
            label1: value1
            label2: value2
          annotations:
            annotation1: value1
            annotation2: value2
    # ...

11.2.7. Disabling ownerReference in the CA secrets

By default, the cluster and clients CA secrets are created with an ownerReference property that is set to the Kafka custom resource. This means that, when the Kafka custom resource is deleted, the CA secrets are also deleted (garbage collected) by Kubernetes.

If you want to reuse the CA for a new cluster, you can disable the ownerReference by setting the generateSecretOwnerReference property for the cluster and clients CA secrets to false in the Kafka configuration. When the ownerReference is disabled, CA secrets are not deleted by Kubernetes when the corresponding Kafka custom resource is deleted.

Example Kafka configuration with disabled ownerReference for cluster and clients CAs
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
# ...
spec:
# ...
  clusterCa:
    generateSecretOwnerReference: false
  clientsCa:
    generateSecretOwnerReference: false
# ...
Additional resources

11.3. Certificate renewal and validity periods

Cluster CA and clients CA certificates are only valid for a limited time period, known as the validity period. This is usually defined as a number of days since the certificate was generated.

For CA certificates automatically created by the Cluster Operator, you can configure the validity period of:

  • Cluster CA certificates in Kafka.spec.clusterCa.validityDays

  • Clients CA certificates in Kafka.spec.clientsCa.validityDays

The default validity period for both certificates is 365 days. Manually-installed CA certificates should have their own validity periods defined.

When a CA certificate expires, components and clients that still trust that certificate will not accept connections from peers whose certificates were signed by the CA private key. The components and clients need to trust the new CA certificate instead.

To allow the renewal of CA certificates without a loss of service, the Cluster Operator initiates certificate renewal before the old CA certificates expire.

You can configure the renewal period of the certificates created by the Cluster Operator:

  • Cluster CA certificates in Kafka.spec.clusterCa.renewalDays

  • Clients CA certificates in Kafka.spec.clientsCa.renewalDays

The default renewal period for both certificates is 30 days.

The renewal period is measured backwards, from the expiry date of the current certificate.

Validity period against renewal period
Not Before                                     Not After
    |                                              |
    |<--------------- validityDays --------------->|
                              <--- renewalDays --->|

To make a change to the validity and renewal periods after creating the Kafka cluster, you configure and apply the Kafka custom resource, and manually renew the CA certificates. If you do not manually renew the certificates, the new periods will be used the next time the certificate is renewed automatically.

Example Kafka configuration for certificate validity and renewal periods
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
# ...
spec:
# ...
  clusterCa:
    renewalDays: 30
    validityDays: 365
    generateCertificateAuthority: true
  clientsCa:
    renewalDays: 30
    validityDays: 365
    generateCertificateAuthority: true
# ...

The behavior of the Cluster Operator during the renewal period depends on the settings for the generateCertificateAuthority certificate generation properties for the cluster CA and clients CA.

true

If the properties are set to true, a CA certificate is generated automatically by the Cluster Operator, and renewed automatically within the renewal period.

false

If the properties are set to false, a CA certificate is not generated by the Cluster Operator. Use this option if you are installing your own certificates.

11.3.1. Renewal process with automatically generated CA certificates

The Cluster Operator performs the following processes in this order when renewing CA certificates:

  1. Generates a new CA certificate, but retains the existing key.

    The new certificate replaces the old one with the name ca.crt within the corresponding Secret.

  2. Generates new client certificates (for ZooKeeper nodes, Kafka brokers, and the Entity Operator).

    This is not strictly necessary because the signing key has not changed, but it keeps the validity period of the client certificate in sync with the CA certificate.

  3. Restarts ZooKeeper nodes so that they will trust the new CA certificate and use the new client certificates.

  4. Restarts Kafka brokers so that they will trust the new CA certificate and use the new client certificates.

  5. Restarts the Topic and User Operators so that they will trust the new CA certificate and use the new client certificates.

    User certificates are signed by the clients CA. User certificates generated by the User Operator are renewed when the clients CA is renewed.

11.3.2. Client certificate renewal

The Cluster Operator is not aware of the client applications using the Kafka cluster.

When connecting to the cluster, and to ensure they operate correctly, client applications must:

  • Trust the cluster CA certificate published in the <cluster>-cluster-ca-cert Secret.

  • Use the credentials published in their <user-name> Secret to connect to the cluster.

    The User Secret provides credentials in PEM and PKCS #12 format, or it can provide a password when using SCRAM-SHA authentication. The User Operator creates the user credentials when a user is created.

You must ensure clients continue to work after certificate renewal. The renewal process depends on how the clients are configured.

If you are provisioning client certificates and keys manually, you must generate new client certificates and ensure the new certificates are used by clients within the renewal period. Failure to do this by the end of the renewal period could result in client applications being unable to connect to the cluster.

Note
 For workloads running inside the same Kubernetes cluster and namespace, Secrets can be mounted as a volume so the client Pods construct their keystores and truststores from the current state of the Secrets. For more details on this procedure, see Configuring internal clients to trust the cluster CA.

11.3.3. Manually renewing Cluster Operator-managed CA certificates

Cluster and clients CA certificates generated by the Cluster Operator auto-renew at the start of their respective certificate renewal periods. However, you can use the strimzi.io/force-renew annotation to manually renew one or both of these certificates before the certificate renewal period starts. You might do this for security reasons, or if you have changed the renewal or validity periods for the certificates.

A renewed certificate uses the same private key as the old certificate.

Note
 If you are using your own CA certificates, the force-renew annotation cannot be used. Instead, follow the procedure for renewing your own CA certificates.
Prerequisites

  • The Cluster Operator must be deployed.

  • A Kafka cluster in which CA certificates and private keys are installed.

  • The OpenSSL TLS management tool to check the period of validity for CA certificates.

In this procedure, we use a Kafka cluster named my-cluster within the my-project namespace.

Procedure

  1. Apply the strimzi.io/force-renew annotation to the secret that contains the CA certificate that you want to renew.

    Renewing the Cluster CA secret
    kubectl annotate secret my-cluster-cluster-ca-cert -n my-project strimzi.io/force-renew=true
    Renewing the Clients CA secret
    kubectl annotate secret my-cluster-clients-ca-cert -n my-project strimzi.io/force-renew=true

  2. At the next reconciliation, the Cluster Operator generates new certificates.

    If maintenance time windows are configured, the Cluster Operator generates the new CA certificate at the first reconciliation within the next maintenance time window.

  3. Check the period of validity for the new CA certificates.

    Checking the period of validity for the new cluster CA certificate
    kubectl get secret my-cluster-cluster-ca-cert -n my-project -o=jsonpath='{.data.ca\.crt}' | base64 -d | openssl x509 -noout -dates
    Checking the period of validity for the new clients CA certificate
    kubectl get secret my-cluster-clients-ca-cert -n my-project -o=jsonpath='{.data.ca\.crt}' | base64 -d | openssl x509 -noout -dates

    The command returns a notBefore and notAfter date, which is the valid start and end date for the CA certificate.

  4. Update client configurations to trust the new cluster CA certificate.

    See:

11.3.4. Manually recovering from expired Cluster Operator-managed CA certificates

The Cluster Operator automatically renews the cluster and clients CA certificates when their renewal periods begin. Nevertheless, unexpected operational problems or disruptions may prevent the renewal process, such as prolonged downtime of the Cluster Operator or unavailability of the Kafka cluster. If CA certificates expire, Kafka cluster components cannot communicate with each other and the Cluster Operator cannot renew the CA certificates without manual intervention.

To promptly perform a recovery, follow the steps outlined in this procedure in the order given. You can recover from expired cluster and clients CA certificates. The process involves deleting the secrets containing the expired certificates so that new ones are generated by the Cluster Operator. For more information on the secrets managed in Strimzi, see Secrets generated by the Cluster Operator.

Note
 If you are using your own CA certificates and they expire, the process is similar, but you need to renew the CA certificates rather than use certificates generated by the Cluster Operator.
Prerequisites

  • The Cluster Operator must be deployed.

  • A Kafka cluster in which CA certificates and private keys are installed.

  • The OpenSSL TLS management tool to check the period of validity for CA certificates.

In this procedure, we use a Kafka cluster named my-cluster within the my-project namespace.

Procedure

  1. Delete the secret containing the expired CA certificate.

    Deleting the Cluster CA secret
    kubectl delete secret my-cluster-cluster-ca-cert -n my-project
    Deleting the Clients CA secret
    kubectl delete secret my-cluster-clients-ca-cert -n my-project

  2. Wait for the Cluster Operator to generate new certificates.

    • A new CA cluster certificate to verify the identity of the Kafka brokers is created in a secret of the same name (my-cluster-cluster-ca-cert).

    • A new CA clients certificate to verify the identity of Kafka users is created in a secret of the same name (my-cluster-clients-ca-cert).

  3. Check the period of validity for the new CA certificates.

    Checking the period of validity for the new cluster CA certificate
    kubectl get secret my-cluster-cluster-ca-cert -n my-project -o=jsonpath='{.data.ca\.crt}' | base64 -d | openssl x509 -noout -dates
    Checking the period of validity for the new clients CA certificate
    kubectl get secret my-cluster-clients-ca-cert -n my-project -o=jsonpath='{.data.ca\.crt}' | base64 -d | openssl x509 -noout -dates

    The command returns a notBefore and notAfter date, which is the valid start and end date for the CA certificate.

  4. Delete the component pods and secrets that use the CA certificates.

    1. Delete the ZooKeeper secret.

    2. Wait for the Cluster Operator to detect the missing ZooKeeper secret and recreate it.

    3. Delete all ZooKeeper pods.

    4. Delete the Kafka secret.

    5. Wait for the Cluster Operator to detect the missing Kafka secret and recreate it.

    6. Delete all Kafka pods.

    If you are only recovering the clients CA certificate, you only need to delete the Kafka secret and pods.

    You can use the following kubectl command to find resources and also verify that they have been removed.

    kubectl get <resource_type> --all-namespaces | grep <kafka_cluster_name>

    Replace <resource_type> with the type of the resource, such as Pod or Secret.

  5. Wait for the Cluster Operator to detect the missing Kafka and ZooKeeper pods and recreate them with the updated CA certificates.

    On reconciliation, the Cluster Operator automatically updates other components to trust the new CA certificates.

  6. Verify that there are no issues related to certificate validation in the Cluster Operator log.

  7. Update client configurations to trust the new cluster CA certificate.

    See:

11.3.5. Replacing private keys used by Cluster Operator-managed CA certificates

You can replace the private keys used by the cluster CA and clients CA certificates generated by the Cluster Operator. When a private key is replaced, the Cluster Operator generates a new CA certificate for the new private key.

Note
 If you are using your own CA certificates, the force-replace annotation cannot be used. Instead, follow the procedure for renewing your own CA certificates.
Prerequisites

  • The Cluster Operator is running.

  • A Kafka cluster in which CA certificates and private keys are installed.

Procedure

  • Apply the strimzi.io/force-replace annotation to the Secret that contains the private key that you want to renew.

    Table 21. Commands for replacing private keys
    Private key for Secret Annotate command

    Cluster CA

    CLUSTER-NAME-cluster-ca

    kubectl annotate secret CLUSTER-NAME-cluster-ca strimzi.io/force-replace=true

    Clients CA

    CLUSTER-NAME-clients-ca

    kubectl annotate secret CLUSTER-NAME-clients-ca strimzi.io/force-replace=true

At the next reconciliation the Cluster Operator will:

  • Generate a new private key for the Secret that you annotated

  • Generate a new CA certificate

If maintenance time windows are configured, the Cluster Operator will generate the new private key and CA certificate at the first reconciliation within the next maintenance time window.

Client applications must reload the cluster and clients CA certificates that were renewed by the Cluster Operator.

Additional resources

11.4. Configuring internal clients to trust the cluster CA

This procedure describes how to configure a Kafka client that resides inside the Kubernetes cluster — connecting to a TLS listener — to trust the cluster CA certificate.

The easiest way to achieve this for an internal client is to use a volume mount to access the Secrets containing the necessary certificates and keys.

Follow the steps to configure trust certificates that are signed by the cluster CA for Java-based Kafka Producer, Consumer, and Streams APIs.

Choose the steps to follow according to the certificate format of the cluster CA: PKCS #12 (.p12) or PEM (.crt).

The steps describe how to mount the Cluster Secret that verifies the identity of the Kafka cluster to the client pod.

Prerequisites

  • The Cluster Operator must be running.

  • There needs to be a Kafka resource within the Kubernetes cluster.

  • You need a Kafka client application inside the Kubernetes cluster that will connect using TLS, and needs to trust the cluster CA certificate.

  • The client application must be running in the same namespace as the Kafka resource.

Using PKCS #12 format (.p12)

  1. Mount the cluster Secret as a volume when defining the client pod.

    For example:

    kind: Pod
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: client-pod
spec:
  containers:
  - name: client-name
    image: client-name
    volumeMounts:
    - name: secret-volume
      mountPath: /data/p12
    env:
    - name: SECRET_PASSWORD
      valueFrom:
        secretKeyRef:
          name: my-secret
          key: my-password
  volumes:
  - name: secret-volume
    secret:
      secretName: my-cluster-cluster-ca-cert

    Here we’re mounting the following:

    • The PKCS #12 file into an exact path, which can be configured

    • The password into an environment variable, where it can be used for Java configuration

  2. Configure the Kafka client with the following properties:

    • A security protocol option:

      • security.protocol: SSL when using TLS for encryption (with or without mTLS authentication).

      • security.protocol: SASL_SSL when using SCRAM-SHA authentication over TLS.

    • ssl.truststore.location with the truststore location where the certificates were imported.

    • ssl.truststore.password with the password for accessing the truststore.

    • ssl.truststore.type=PKCS12 to identify the truststore type.

Using PEM format (.crt)

  1. Mount the cluster Secret as a volume when defining the client pod.

    For example:

    kind: Pod
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: client-pod
spec:
  containers:
  - name: client-name
    image: client-name
    volumeMounts:
    - name: secret-volume
      mountPath: /data/crt
  volumes:
  - name: secret-volume
    secret:
      secretName: my-cluster-cluster-ca-cert

  2. Use the extracted certificate to configure a TLS connection in clients that use certificates in X.509 format.

11.5. Configuring external clients to trust the cluster CA

This procedure describes how to configure a Kafka client that resides outside the Kubernetes cluster – connecting to an external listener – to trust the cluster CA certificate. Follow this procedure when setting up the client and during the renewal period, when the old clients CA certificate is replaced.

Follow the steps to configure trust certificates that are signed by the cluster CA for Java-based Kafka Producer, Consumer, and Streams APIs.

Choose the steps to follow according to the certificate format of the cluster CA: PKCS #12 (.p12) or PEM (.crt).

The steps describe how to obtain the certificate from the Cluster Secret that verifies the identity of the Kafka cluster.

Important
 The <cluster_name>-cluster-ca-cert secret contains more than one CA certificate during the CA certificate renewal period. Clients must add all of them to their truststores.
Prerequisites

  • The Cluster Operator must be running.

  • There needs to be a Kafka resource within the Kubernetes cluster.

  • You need a Kafka client application outside the Kubernetes cluster that will connect using TLS, and needs to trust the cluster CA certificate.

Using PKCS #12 format (.p12)

  1. Extract the cluster CA certificate and password from the <cluster_name>-cluster-ca-cert Secret of the Kafka cluster.

    kubectl get secret <cluster_name>-cluster-ca-cert -o jsonpath='{.data.ca\.p12}' | base64 -d > ca.p12
    kubectl get secret <cluster_name>-cluster-ca-cert -o jsonpath='{.data.ca\.password}' | base64 -d > ca.password

    Replace <cluster_name> with the name of the Kafka cluster.

  2. Configure the Kafka client with the following properties:

    • A security protocol option:

      • security.protocol: SSL when using TLS.

      • security.protocol: SASL_SSL when using SCRAM-SHA authentication over TLS.

    • ssl.truststore.location with the truststore location where the certificates were imported.

    • ssl.truststore.password with the password for accessing the truststore. This property can be omitted if it is not needed by the truststore.

    • ssl.truststore.type=PKCS12 to identify the truststore type.

Using PEM format (.crt)

  1. Extract the cluster CA certificate from the <cluster_name>-cluster-ca-cert secret of the Kafka cluster.

    kubectl get secret <cluster_name>-cluster-ca-cert -o jsonpath='{.data.ca\.crt}' | base64 -d > ca.crt

  2. Use the extracted certificate to configure a TLS connection in clients that use certificates in X.509 format.

11.6. Using your own CA certificates and private keys

Install and use your own CA certificates and private keys instead of using the defaults generated by the Cluster Operator. You can replace the cluster and clients CA certificates and private keys.

You can switch to using your own CA certificates and private keys in the following ways:

  • Install your own CA certificates and private keys before deploying your Kafka cluster

  • Replace the default CA certificates and private keys with your own after deploying a Kafka cluster

The steps to replace the default CA certificates and private keys after deploying a Kafka cluster are the same as those used to renew your own CA certificates and private keys.

If you use your own certificates, they won’t be renewed automatically. You need to renew the CA certificates and private keys before they expire.

Renewal options:

  • Renew the CA certificates only

  • Renew CA certificates and private keys (or replace the defaults)

11.6.1. Installing your own CA certificates and private keys

Install your own CA certificates and private keys instead of using the cluster and clients CA certificates and private keys generated by the Cluster Operator.

By default, Strimzi uses the following cluster CA and clients CA secrets, which are renewed automatically.

  • Cluster CA secrets

    • <cluster_name>-cluster-ca

    • <cluster_name>-cluster-ca-cert

  • Clients CA secrets

    • <cluster_name>-clients-ca

    • <cluster_name>-clients-ca-cert

To install your own certificates, use the same names.

Prerequisites

  • The Cluster Operator is running.

  • A Kafka cluster is not yet deployed.

    If you have already deployed a Kafka cluster, you can replace the default CA certificates with your own.

  • Your own X.509 certificates and keys in PEM format for the cluster CA or clients CA.

    • If you want to use a cluster or clients CA which is not a Root CA, you have to include the whole chain in the certificate file. The chain should be in the following order:

      1. The cluster or clients CA

      2. One or more intermediate CAs

      3. The root CA

    • All CAs in the chain should be configured using the X509v3 Basic Constraints extension. Basic Constraints limit the path length of a certificate chain.

  • The OpenSSL TLS management tool for converting certificates.

Before you begin

The Cluster Operator generates keys and certificates in PEM (Privacy Enhanced Mail) and PKCS #12 (Public-Key Cryptography Standards) formats. You can add your own certificates in either format.

Some applications cannot use PEM certificates and support only PKCS #12 certificates. If you don’t have a cluster certificate in PKCS #12 format, use the OpenSSL TLS management tool to generate one from your ca.crt file.

Example certificate generation command
openssl pkcs12 -export -in ca.crt -nokeys -out ca.p12 -password pass:<P12_password> -caname ca.crt

Replace <P12_password> with your own password.

Procedure

  1. Create a new secret that contains the CA certificate.

    Client secret creation with a certificate in PEM format only
    kubectl create secret generic <cluster_name>-clients-ca-cert --from-file=ca.crt=ca.crt
    Cluster secret creation with certificates in PEM and PKCS #12 format
    kubectl create secret generic <cluster_name>-cluster-ca-cert \
  --from-file=ca.crt=ca.crt \
  --from-file=ca.p12=ca.p12 \
  --from-literal=ca.password=P12-PASSWORD

    Replace <cluster_name> with the name of your Kafka cluster.

  2. Create a new secret that contains the private key.

    kubectl create secret generic CA-KEY-SECRET --from-file=ca.key=ca.key

  3. Label the secrets.

    kubectl label secret CA-CERTIFICATE-SECRET strimzi.io/kind=Kafka strimzi.io/cluster=<cluster_name>
    kubectl label secret CA-KEY-SECRET strimzi.io/kind=Kafka strimzi.io/cluster=<cluster_name>

    • Label strimzi.io/kind=Kafka identifies the Kafka custom resource.

    • Label strimzi.io/cluster=<cluster_name> identifies the Kafka cluster.

  4. Annotate the secrets

    kubectl annotate secret CA-CERTIFICATE-SECRET strimzi.io/ca-cert-generation=CA-CERTIFICATE-GENERATION
    kubectl annotate secret CA-KEY-SECRET strimzi.io/ca-key-generation=CA-KEY-GENERATION

    • Annotation strimzi.io/ca-cert-generation=CA-CERTIFICATE-GENERATION defines the generation of a new CA certificate.

    • Annotation strimzi.io/ca-key-generation=CA-KEY-GENERATION defines the generation of a new CA key.

      Start from 0 (zero) as the incremental value (strimzi.io/ca-cert-generation=0) for your own CA certificate. Set a higher incremental value when you renew the certificates.

  5. Create the Kafka resource for your cluster, configuring either the Kafka.spec.clusterCa or the Kafka.spec.clientsCa object to not use generated CAs.

    Example fragment Kafka resource configuring the cluster CA to use certificates you supply for yourself
    kind: Kafka
version: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
spec:
  # ...
  clusterCa:
    generateCertificateAuthority: false
Additional resources

11.6.2. Renewing your own CA certificates

If you are using your own CA certificates, you need to renew them manually. The Cluster Operator will not renew them automatically. Renew the CA certificates in the renewal period before they expire.

Perform the steps in this procedure when you are renewing CA certificates and continuing with the same private key. If you are renewing your own CA certificates and private keys, see Renewing or replacing CA certificates and private keys with your own.

The procedure describes the renewal of CA certificates in PEM format.

Prerequisites

  • The Cluster Operator is running.

  • You have new cluster or clients X.509 certificates in PEM format.

Procedure

  1. Update the Secret for the CA certificate.

    Edit the existing secret to add the new CA certificate and update the certificate generation annotation value.

    kubectl edit secret <ca_certificate_secret_name>

    <ca_certificate_secret_name> is the name of the Secret, which is <kafka_cluster_name>-cluster-ca-cert for the cluster CA certificate and <kafka_cluster_name>-clients-ca-cert for the clients CA certificate.

    The following example shows a secret for a cluster CA certificate that’s associated with a Kafka cluster named my-cluster.

    Example secret configuration for a cluster CA certificate
    apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
data:
  ca.crt: LS0tLS1CRUdJTiBDRVJUSUZJQ0F... (1)
metadata:
  annotations:
    strimzi.io/ca-cert-generation: "0" (2)
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster
    strimzi.io/kind: Kafka
  name: my-cluster-cluster-ca-cert
  #...
type: Opaque

    1. Current base64-encoded CA certificate

    2. Current CA certificate generation annotation value

  2. Encode your new CA certificate into base64.

    cat <path_to_new_certificate> | base64

  3. Update the CA certificate.

    Copy the base64-encoded CA certificate from the previous step as the value for the ca.crt property under data.

  4. Increase the value of the CA certificate generation annotation.

    Update the strimzi.io/ca-cert-generation annotation with a higher incremental value. For example, change strimzi.io/ca-cert-generation=0 to strimzi.io/ca-cert-generation=1. If the Secret is missing the annotation, the value is treated as 0, so add the annotation with a value of 1.

    When Strimzi generates certificates, the certificate generation annotation is automatically incremented by the Cluster Operator. For your own CA certificates, set the annotations with a higher incremental value. The annotation needs a higher value than the one from the current secret so that the Cluster Operator can roll the pods and update the certificates. The strimzi.io/ca-cert-generation has to be incremented on each CA certificate renewal.

  5. Save the secret with the new CA certificate and certificate generation annotation value.

    Example secret configuration updated with a new CA certificate
    apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
data:
  ca.crt: GCa6LS3RTHeKFiFDGBOUDYFAZ0F... (1)
metadata:
  annotations:
    strimzi.io/ca-cert-generation: "1" (2)
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster
    strimzi.io/kind: Kafka
  name: my-cluster-cluster-ca-cert
  #...
type: Opaque

    1. New base64-encoded CA certificate

    2. New CA certificate generation annotation value

On the next reconciliation, the Cluster Operator performs a rolling update of ZooKeeper, Kafka, and other components to trust the new CA certificate.

If maintenance time windows are configured, the Cluster Operator will roll the pods at the first reconciliation within the next maintenance time window.

11.6.3. Renewing or replacing CA certificates and private keys with your own

If you are using your own CA certificates and private keys, you need to renew them manually. The Cluster Operator will not renew them automatically. Renew the CA certificates in the renewal period before they expire. You can also use the same procedure to replace the CA certificates and private keys generated by the Strimzi operators with your own.

Perform the steps in this procedure when you are renewing or replacing CA certificates and private keys. If you are only renewing your own CA certificates, see Renewing your own CA certificates.

The procedure describes the renewal of CA certificates and private keys in PEM format.

Before going through the following steps, make sure that the CN (Common Name) of the new CA certificate is different from the current one. For example, when the Cluster Operator renews certificates automatically it adds a v<version_number> suffix to identify a version. Do the same with your own CA certificate by adding a different suffix on each renewal. By using a different key to generate a new CA certificate, you retain the current CA certificate stored in the Secret.

Prerequisites

  • The Cluster Operator is running.

  • You have new cluster or clients X.509 certificates and keys in PEM format.

Procedure

  1. Pause the reconciliation of the Kafka custom resource.

    1. Annotate the custom resource in Kubernetes, setting the pause-reconciliation annotation to true:

      kubectl annotate Kafka <name_of_custom_resource> strimzi.io/pause-reconciliation="true"

      For example, for a Kafka custom resource named my-cluster:

      kubectl annotate Kafka my-cluster strimzi.io/pause-reconciliation="true"

    2. Check that the status conditions of the custom resource show a change to ReconciliationPaused:

      kubectl describe Kafka <name_of_custom_resource>

      The type condition changes to ReconciliationPaused at the lastTransitionTime.

  2. Update the Secret for the CA certificate.

    1. Edit the existing secret to add the new CA certificate and update the certificate generation annotation value.

      kubectl edit secret <ca_certificate_secret_name>

      <ca_certificate_secret_name> is the name of the Secret, which is KAFKA-CLUSTER-NAME-cluster-ca-cert for the cluster CA certificate and KAFKA-CLUSTER-NAME-clients-ca-cert for the clients CA certificate.

      The following example shows a secret for a cluster CA certificate that’s associated with a Kafka cluster named my-cluster.

      Example secret configuration for a cluster CA certificate
      apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
data:
  ca.crt: LS0tLS1CRUdJTiBDRVJUSUZJQ0F... # (1)
metadata:
  annotations:
    strimzi.io/ca-cert-generation: "0" # (2)
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster
    strimzi.io/kind: Kafka
  name: my-cluster-cluster-ca-cert
  #...
type: Opaque

      1. Current base64-encoded CA certificate

      2. Current CA certificate generation annotation value

    2. Rename the current CA certificate to retain it.

      Rename the current ca.crt property under data as ca-<date>.crt, where <date> is the certificate expiry date in the format YEAR-MONTH-DAYTHOUR-MINUTE-SECONDZ. For example ca-2023-01-26T17-32-00Z.crt:. Leave the value for the property as it is to retain the current CA certificate.

    3. Encode your new CA certificate into base64.

      cat <path_to_new_certificate> | base64

    4. Update the CA certificate.

      Create a new ca.crt property under data and copy the base64-encoded CA certificate from the previous step as the value for ca.crt property.

    5. Increase the value of the CA certificate generation annotation.

      Update the strimzi.io/ca-cert-generation annotation with a higher incremental value. For example, change strimzi.io/ca-cert-generation=0 to strimzi.io/ca-cert-generation=1. If the Secret is missing the annotation, the value is treated as 0, so add the annotation with a value of 1.

      When Strimzi generates certificates, the certificate generation annotation is automatically incremented by the Cluster Operator. For your own CA certificates, set the annotations with a higher incremental value. The annotation needs a higher value than the one from the current secret so that the Cluster Operator can roll the pods and update the certificates. The strimzi.io/ca-cert-generation has to be incremented on each CA certificate renewal.

    6. Save the secret with the new CA certificate and certificate generation annotation value.

      Example secret configuration updated with a new CA certificate
      apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
data:
  ca.crt: GCa6LS3RTHeKFiFDGBOUDYFAZ0F... # (1)
  ca-2023-01-26T17-32-00Z.crt: LS0tLS1CRUdJTiBDRVJUSUZJQ0F... # (2)
metadata:
  annotations:
    strimzi.io/ca-cert-generation: "1" # (3)
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster
    strimzi.io/kind: Kafka
  name: my-cluster-cluster-ca-cert
  #...
type: Opaque

      1. New base64-encoded CA certificate

      2. Old base64-encoded CA certificate

      3. New CA certificate generation annotation value

  3. Update the Secret for the CA key used to sign your new CA certificate.

    1. Edit the existing secret to add the new CA key and update the key generation annotation value.

      kubectl edit secret <ca_key_name>

      <ca_key_name> is the name of CA key, which is <kafka_cluster_name>-cluster-ca for the cluster CA key and <kafka_cluster_name>-clients-ca for the clients CA key.

      The following example shows a secret for a cluster CA key that’s associated with a Kafka cluster named my-cluster.

      Example secret configuration for a cluster CA key
      apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
data:
  ca.key: SA1cKF1GFDzOIiPOIUQBHDNFGDFS... # (1)
metadata:
  annotations:
    strimzi.io/ca-key-generation: "0" # (2)
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster
    strimzi.io/kind: Kafka
  name: my-cluster-cluster-ca
  #...
type: Opaque

      1. Current base64-encoded CA key

      2. Current CA key generation annotation value

    2. Encode the CA key into base64.

      cat <path_to_new_key> | base64

    3. Update the CA key.

      Copy the base64-encoded CA key from the previous step as the value for the ca.key property under data.

    4. Increase the value of the CA key generation annotation.

      Update the strimzi.io/ca-key-generation annotation with a higher incremental value. For example, change strimzi.io/ca-key-generation=0 to strimzi.io/ca-key-generation=1. If the Secret is missing the annotation, it is treated as 0, so add the annotation with a value of 1.

      When Strimzi generates certificates, the key generation annotation is automatically incremented by the Cluster Operator. For your own CA certificates together with a new CA key, set the annotation with a higher incremental value. The annotation needs a higher value than the one from the current secret so that the Cluster Operator can roll the pods and update the certificates and keys. The strimzi.io/ca-key-generation has to be incremented on each CA certificate renewal.

  4. Save the secret with the new CA key and key generation annotation value.

    Example secret configuration updated with a new CA key
    apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
data:
  ca.key: AB0cKF1GFDzOIiPOIUQWERZJQ0F... # (1)
metadata:
  annotations:
    strimzi.io/ca-key-generation: "1" # (2)
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster
    strimzi.io/kind: Kafka
  name: my-cluster-cluster-ca
  #...
type: Opaque

    1. New base64-encoded CA key

    2. New CA key generation annotation value

  5. Resume from the pause.

    To resume the Kafka custom resource reconciliation, set the pause-reconciliation annotation to false.

    kubectl annotate --overwrite Kafka <name_of_custom_resource> strimzi.io/pause-reconciliation="false"

    You can also do the same by removing the pause-reconciliation annotation.

    kubectl annotate Kafka <name_of_custom_resource> strimzi.io/pause-reconciliation-

    On the next reconciliation, the Cluster Operator performs a rolling update of ZooKeeper, Kafka, and other components to trust the new CA certificate. When the rolling update is complete, the Cluster Operator will start a new one to generate new server certificates signed by the new CA key.

    If maintenance time windows are configured, the Cluster Operator will roll the pods at the first reconciliation within the next maintenance time window.

  6. Wait until the rolling updates to move to the new CA certificate are complete.

  7. Remove any outdated certificates from the secret configuration to ensure that the cluster no longer trusts them.

    kubectl edit secret <ca_certificate_secret_name>
    Example secret configuration with the old certificate removed
    apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
data:
  ca.crt: GCa6LS3RTHeKFiFDGBOUDYFAZ0F...
metadata:
  annotations:
    strimzi.io/ca-cert-generation: "1"
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster
    strimzi.io/kind: Kafka
  name: my-cluster-cluster-ca-cert
  #...
type: Opaque

  8. Start a manual rolling update of your cluster to pick up the changes made to the secret configuration.

    See Starting rolling updates of Kafka and ZooKeeper clusters using annotations.

12. Applying security context to Strimzi pods and containers

Security context defines constraints on pods and containers. By specifying a security context, pods and containers only have the permissions they need. For example, permissions can control runtime operations or access to resources.

12.1. How to configure security context

Use security provider plugins or template configuration to apply security context to Strimzi pods and containers.

Apply security context at the pod or container level:

Pod-level security context

Pod-level security context is applied to all containers in a specific pod.

Container-level security context

Container-level security context is applied to a specific container.

With Strimzi, security context is applied through one or both of the following methods:

Template configuration

Use template configuration of Strimzi custom resources to specify security context at the pod or container level.

Pod security provider plugins

Use pod security provider plugins to automatically set security context across all pods and containers using preconfigured settings.

Pod security providers offer a simpler alternative to specifying security context through template configuration. You can use both approaches. The template approach has a higher priority. Security context configured through template properties overrides the configuration set by pod security providers. So you might use pod security providers to automatically configure the security context for most containers. And also use template configuration to set container-specific security context where needed.

The template approach provides flexibility, but it also means you have to configure security context in numerous places to capture the security you want for all pods and containers. For example, you’ll need to apply the configuration to each pod in a Kafka cluster, as well as the pods for deployments of other Kafka components.

To avoid repeating the same configuration, you can use the following pod security provider plugins so that the security configuration is in one place.

Baseline Provider

The Baseline Provider is based on the Kubernetes baseline security profile. The baseline profile prevents privilege escalations and defines other standard access controls and limitations.

Restricted Provider

The Restricted Provider is based on the Kubernetes restricted security profile. The restricted profile is more restrictive than the baseline profile, and is used where security needs to be tighter.

For more information on the Kubernetes security profiles, see Pod security standards.

12.1.1. Template configuration for security context

In the following example, security context is configured for Kafka brokers in the template configuration of the Kafka resource. Security context is specified at the pod and container level.

Example template configuration for security context
apiVersion: {KafkaApiVersion}
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  name: my-cluster
spec:
  # ...
  kafka:
    template:
      pod: # (1)
        securityContext:
          runAsUser: 1000001
          fsGroup: 0
      kafkaContainer: # (2)
        securityContext:
          runAsUser: 2000
  # ...

  1. Pod security context

  2. Container security context of the Kafka broker container

12.1.2. Baseline Provider for pod security

The Baseline Provider is the default pod security provider. It configures the pods managed by Strimzi with a baseline security profile. The baseline profile is compatible with previous versions of Strimzi.

The Baseline Provider is enabled by default if you don’t specify a provider. Though you can enable it explicitly by setting the STRIMZI_POD_SECURITY_PROVIDER_CLASS environment variable to baseline when configuring the Cluster Operator.

Configuration for the Baseline Provider
# ...
env:
  # ...
  - name: STRIMZI_POD_SECURITY_PROVIDER_CLASS
    value: baseline
  # ...

Instead of specifying baseline as the value, you can specify the io.strimzi.plugin.security.profiles.impl.BaselinePodSecurityProvider fully-qualified domain name.

12.1.3. Restricted Provider for pod security

The Restricted Provider provides a higher level of security than the Baseline Provider. It configures the pods managed by Strimzi with a restricted security profile.

You enable the Restricted Provider by setting the STRIMZI_POD_SECURITY_PROVIDER_CLASS environment variable to restricted when configuring the Cluster Operator.

Configuration for the Restricted Provider
# ...
env:
  # ...
  - name: STRIMZI_POD_SECURITY_PROVIDER_CLASS
    value: restricted
  # ...

Instead of specifying restricted as the value, you can specify the io.strimzi.plugin.security.profiles.impl.RestrictedPodSecurityProvider fully-qualified domain name.

If you change to the Restricted Provider from the default Baseline Provider, the following restrictions are implemented in addition to the constraints defined in the baseline security profile:

  • Limits allowed volume types

  • Disallows privilege escalation

  • Requires applications to run under a non-root user

  • Requires seccomp (secure computing mode) profiles to be set as RuntimeDefault or Localhost

  • Limits container capabilities to use only the NET_BIND_SERVICE capability

With the Restricted Provider enabled, containers created by the Cluster Operator are set with the following security context.

Cluster Operator with restricted security context configuration
# ...
securityContext:
  allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
  capabilities:
    drop:
      - ALL
  runAsNonRoot: true
  seccompProfile:
    type: RuntimeDefault
# ...
Note

Container capabilities and seccomp are Linux kernel features that support container security.

  • Capabilities add fine-grained privileges for processes running on a container. The NET_BIND_SERVICE capability allows non-root user applications to bind to ports below 1024.

  • seccomp profiles limit the processes running in a container to only a subset of system calls. The RuntimeDefault profile provides a default set of system calls. A LocalHost profile uses a profile defined in a file on the node.
Additional resources

12.2. Enabling the Restricted Provider for the Cluster Operator

Security pod providers configure the security context constraints of the pods and containers created by the Cluster Operator. The Baseline Provider is the default pod security provider used by Strimzi. You can switch to the Restricted Provider by changing the STRIMZI_POD_SECURITY_PROVIDER_CLASS environment variable in the Cluster Operator configuration.

To make the required changes, configure the 060-Deployment-strimzi-cluster-operator.yaml Cluster Operator installation file located in install/cluster-operator/.

By enabling a new pod security provider, any pods or containers created by the Cluster Operator are subject to the limitations it imposes. Pods and containers that are already running are restarted for the changes to take affect.

Prerequisites

  • You need an account with permission to create and manage CustomResourceDefinition and RBAC (ClusterRole, and RoleBinding) resources.

Procedure

Edit the Deployment resource that is used to deploy the Cluster Operator, which is defined in the 060-Deployment-strimzi-cluster-operator.yaml file.

  1. Add or amend the STRIMZI_POD_SECURITY_PROVIDER_CLASS environment variable with a value of restricted.

    Cluster Operator configuration for the Restricted Provider
    # ...
env:
  # ...
  - name: STRIMZI_POD_SECURITY_PROVIDER_CLASS
    value: restricted
  # ...

    Or you can specify the io.strimzi.plugin.security.profiles.impl.RestrictedPodSecurityProvider fully-qualified domain name.

  2. Deploy the Cluster Operator:

    kubectl create -f install/cluster-operator -n myproject

  3. (Optional) Use template configuration to set security context for specific components at the pod or container level.

    Adding security context through template configuration
    template:
  pod:
    securityContext:
      runAsUser: 1000001
      fsGroup: 0
  kafkaContainer:
    securityContext:
    runAsUser: 2000
  # ...

    If you apply specific security context for a component using template configuration, it takes priority over the general configuration provided by the pod security provider.

12.3. Implementing a custom pod security provider

If Strimzi’s Baseline Provider and Restricted Provider don’t quite match your needs, you can develop a custom pod security provider to deliver all-encompassing pod and container security context constraints.

Implement a custom pod security provider to apply your own security context profile. You can decide what applications and privileges to include in the profile.

Your custom pod security provider can implement the PodSecurityProvider.java interface that gets the security context for pods and containers; or it can extend the Baseline Provider or Restricted Provider classes.

The pod security provider plugins use the Java Service Provider Interface, so your custom pod security provider also requires a provider configuration file for service discovery.

To implement your own provider, the general steps include the following:

  1. Build the JAR file for the provider.

  2. Add the JAR file to the Cluster Operator image.

  3. Specify the custom pod security provider when setting the Cluster Operator environment variable STRIMZI_POD_SECURITY_PROVIDER_CLASS.

Additional resources

12.4. Handling of security context by Kubernetes platform

Handling of security context depends on the tooling of the Kubernetes platform you are using.

For example, OpenShift uses built-in security context constraints (SCCs) to control permissions. SCCs are the settings and strategies that control the security features a pod has access to.

By default, OpenShift injects security context configuration automatically. In most cases, this means you don’t need to configure security context for the pods and containers created by the Cluster Operator. Although you can still create and manage your own SCCs.

For more information, see the OpenShift documentation.

13. Scaling clusters by adding or removing brokers

Scaling Kafka clusters by adding brokers can increase the performance and reliability of the cluster. Adding more brokers increases available resources, allowing the cluster to handle larger workloads and process more messages. It can also improve fault tolerance by providing more replicas and backups. Conversely, removing underutilized brokers can reduce resource consumption and improve efficiency. Scaling must be done carefully to avoid disruption or data loss. By redistributing partitions across all brokers in the cluster, the resource utilization of each broker is reduced, which can increase the overall throughput of the cluster.

Note
 To increase the throughput of a Kafka topic, you can increase the number of partitions for that topic. This allows the load of the topic to be shared between different brokers in the cluster. However, if every broker is constrained by a specific resource (such as I/O), adding more partitions will not increase the throughput. In this case, you need to add more brokers to the cluster.

Adjusting the Kafka.spec.kafka.replicas configuration affects the number of brokers in the cluster that act as replicas. The actual replication factor for topics is determined by settings for the default.replication.factor and min.insync.replicas, and the number of available brokers. For example, a replication factor of 3 means that each partition of a topic is replicated across three brokers, ensuring fault tolerance in the event of a broker failure.

Example replica configuration
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  name: my-cluster
spec:
  kafka:
    replicas: 3
    # ...
  config:
      # ...
      default.replication.factor: 3
      min.insync.replicas: 2
 # ...

When adding brokers through the Kafka configuration, node IDs start at 0 (zero) and the Cluster Operator assigns the next lowest ID to a new node. The broker removal process starts from the broker pod with the highest ID in the cluster.

If you are managing nodes in the cluster using the the preview of the node pools feature, you adjust the KafkaNodePool.spec.replicas configuration to change the number of nodes in the node pool. Additionally, when scaling existing clusters with node pools, you can assign node IDs for the scaling operations.

When you add add or remove brokers, Kafka does not automatically reassign partitions. The best way to do this is using Cruise Control. You can use Cruise Control’s add-brokers and remove-brokers modes when scaling a cluster up or down.

  • Use the add-brokers mode after scaling up a Kafka cluster to move partition replicas from existing brokers to the newly added brokers.

  • Use the remove-brokers mode before scaling down a Kafka cluster to move partition replicas off the brokers that are going to be removed.

14. Rebalancing clusters using Cruise Control

Cruise Control is an open source system that supports the following Kafka operations:

  • Monitoring cluster workload

  • Rebalancing a cluster based on predefined constraints

The operations help with running a more balanced Kafka cluster that uses broker pods more efficiently.

A typical cluster can become unevenly loaded over time. Partitions that handle large amounts of message traffic might not be evenly distributed across the available brokers. To rebalance the cluster, administrators must monitor the load on brokers and manually reassign busy partitions to brokers with spare capacity.

Cruise Control automates the cluster rebalancing process. It constructs a workload model of resource utilization for the cluster—​based on CPU, disk, and network load—​and generates optimization proposals (that you can approve or reject) for more balanced partition assignments. A set of configurable optimization goals is used to calculate these proposals.

You can generate optimization proposals in specific modes. The default full mode rebalances partitions across all brokers. You can also use the add-brokers and remove-brokers modes to accommodate changes when scaling a cluster up or down.

When you approve an optimization proposal, Cruise Control applies it to your Kafka cluster. You configure and generate optimization proposals using a KafkaRebalance resource. You can configure the resource using an annotation so that optimization proposals are approved automatically or manually.

Note
 Strimzi provides example configuration files for Cruise Control.

14.1. Cruise Control components and features

Cruise Control consists of four main components—​the Load Monitor, the Analyzer, the Anomaly Detector, and the Executor—​and a REST API for client interactions. Strimzi utilizes the REST API to support the following Cruise Control features:

  • Generating optimization proposals from optimization goals.

  • Rebalancing a Kafka cluster based on an optimization proposal.

Optimization goals

An optimization goal describes a specific objective to achieve from a rebalance. For example, a goal might be to distribute topic replicas across brokers more evenly. You can change what goals to include through configuration. A goal is defined as a hard goal or soft goal. You can add hard goals through Cruise Control deployment configuration. You also have main, default, and user-provided goals that fit into each of these categories.

  • Hard goals are preset and must be satisfied for an optimization proposal to be successful.

  • Soft goals do not need to be satisfied for an optimization proposal to be successful. They can be set aside if it means that all hard goals are met.

  • Main goals are inherited from Cruise Control. Some are preset as hard goals. Main goals are used in optimization proposals by default.

  • Default goals are the same as the main goals by default. You can specify your own set of default goals.

  • User-provided goals are a subset of default goals that are configured for generating a specific optimization proposal.

Optimization proposals

Optimization proposals comprise the goals you want to achieve from a rebalance. You generate an optimization proposal to create a summary of proposed changes and the results that are possible with the rebalance. The goals are assessed in a specific order of priority. You can then choose to approve or reject the proposal. You can reject the proposal to run it again with an adjusted set of goals.

You can generate an optimization proposal in one of three modes.

  • full is the default mode and runs a full rebalance.

  • add-brokers is the mode you use after adding brokers when scaling up a Kafka cluster.

  • remove-brokers is the mode you use before removing brokers when scaling down a Kafka cluster.

Other Cruise Control features are not currently supported, including self healing, notifications, write-your-own goals, and changing the topic replication factor.

Additional resources

14.2. Optimization goals overview

Optimization goals are constraints on workload redistribution and resource utilization across a Kafka cluster. To rebalance a Kafka cluster, Cruise Control uses optimization goals to generate optimization proposals, which you can approve or reject.

14.2.1. Goals order of priority

Strimzi supports most of the optimization goals developed in the Cruise Control project. The supported goals, in the default descending order of priority, are as follows:

  1. Rack-awareness

  2. Minimum number of leader replicas per broker for a set of topics

  3. Replica capacity

  4. Capacity goals

    • Disk capacity

    • Network inbound capacity

    • Network outbound capacity

    • CPU capacity

  5. Replica distribution

  6. Potential network output

  7. Resource distribution goals

    • Disk utilization distribution

    • Network inbound utilization distribution

    • Network outbound utilization distribution

    • CPU utilization distribution

  8. Leader bytes-in rate distribution

  9. Topic replica distribution

  10. Leader replica distribution

  11. Preferred leader election

  12. Intra-broker disk capacity

  13. Intra-broker disk usage distribution

For more information on each optimization goal, see Goals in the Cruise Control Wiki.

Note
 "Write your own" goals and Kafka assigner goals are not yet supported.

14.2.2. Goals configuration in Strimzi custom resources

You configure optimization goals in Kafka and KafkaRebalance custom resources. Cruise Control has configurations for hard optimization goals that must be satisfied, as well as main, default, and user-provided optimization goals.

You can specify optimization goals in the following configuration:

  • Main goals — Kafka.spec.cruiseControl.config.goals

  • Hard goals — Kafka.spec.cruiseControl.config.hard.goals

  • Default goals — Kafka.spec.cruiseControl.config.default.goals

  • User-provided goals — KafkaRebalance.spec.goals

Note

Resource distribution goals are subject to capacity limits on broker resources.

14.2.3. Hard and soft optimization goals

Hard goals are goals that must be satisfied in optimization proposals. Goals that are not configured as hard goals are known as soft goals. You can think of soft goals as best effort goals: they do not need to be satisfied in optimization proposals, but are included in optimization calculations. An optimization proposal that violates one or more soft goals, but satisfies all hard goals, is valid.

Cruise Control will calculate optimization proposals that satisfy all the hard goals and as many soft goals as possible (in their priority order). An optimization proposal that does not satisfy all the hard goals is rejected by Cruise Control and not sent to the user for approval.

Note
 For example, you might have a soft goal to distribute a topic’s replicas evenly across the cluster (the topic replica distribution goal). Cruise Control will ignore this goal if doing so enables all the configured hard goals to be met.

In Cruise Control, the following main optimization goals are preset as hard goals:

RackAwareGoal; MinTopicLeadersPerBrokerGoal; ReplicaCapacityGoal; DiskCapacityGoal; NetworkInboundCapacityGoal; NetworkOutboundCapacityGoal; CpuCapacityGoal

You configure hard goals in the Cruise Control deployment configuration, by editing the hard.goals property in Kafka.spec.cruiseControl.config.

  • To inherit the preset hard goals from Cruise Control, do not specify the hard.goals property in Kafka.spec.cruiseControl.config

  • To change the preset hard goals, specify the desired goals in the hard.goals property, using their fully-qualified domain names.

Example Kafka configuration for hard optimization goals
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  name: my-cluster
spec:
  kafka:
    # ...
  zookeeper:
    # ...
  entityOperator:
    topicOperator: {}
    userOperator: {}
  cruiseControl:
    brokerCapacity:
      inboundNetwork: 10000KB/s
      outboundNetwork: 10000KB/s
    config:
      # Note that `default.goals` (superset) must also include all `hard.goals` (subset)
      default.goals: >
        com.linkedin.kafka.cruisecontrol.analyzer.goals.NetworkInboundCapacityGoal,
        com.linkedin.kafka.cruisecontrol.analyzer.goals.NetworkOutboundCapacityGoal
      hard.goals: >
        com.linkedin.kafka.cruisecontrol.analyzer.goals.NetworkInboundCapacityGoal,
        com.linkedin.kafka.cruisecontrol.analyzer.goals.NetworkOutboundCapacityGoal
      # ...

Increasing the number of configured hard goals will reduce the likelihood of Cruise Control generating valid optimization proposals.

If skipHardGoalCheck: true is specified in the KafkaRebalance custom resource, Cruise Control does not check that the list of user-provided optimization goals (in KafkaRebalance.spec.goals) contains all the configured hard goals (hard.goals). Therefore, if some, but not all, of the user-provided optimization goals are in the hard.goals list, Cruise Control will still treat them as hard goals even if skipHardGoalCheck: true is specified.

14.2.4. Main optimization goals

The main optimization goals are available to all users. Goals that are not listed in the main optimization goals are not available for use in Cruise Control operations.

Unless you change the Cruise Control deployment configuration, Strimzi will inherit the following main optimization goals from Cruise Control, in descending priority order:

RackAwareGoal; ReplicaCapacityGoal; DiskCapacityGoal; NetworkInboundCapacityGoal; NetworkOutboundCapacityGoal; CpuCapacityGoal; ReplicaDistributionGoal; PotentialNwOutGoal; DiskUsageDistributionGoal; NetworkInboundUsageDistributionGoal; NetworkOutboundUsageDistributionGoal; CpuUsageDistributionGoal; TopicReplicaDistributionGoal; LeaderReplicaDistributionGoal; LeaderBytesInDistributionGoal; PreferredLeaderElectionGoal

Some of these goals are preset as hard goals.

To reduce complexity, we recommend that you use the inherited main optimization goals, unless you need to completely exclude one or more goals from use in KafkaRebalance resources. The priority order of the main optimization goals can be modified, if desired, in the configuration for default optimization goals.

You configure main optimization goals, if necessary, in the Cruise Control deployment configuration: Kafka.spec.cruiseControl.config.goals

  • To accept the inherited main optimization goals, do not specify the goals property in Kafka.spec.cruiseControl.config.

  • If you need to modify the inherited main optimization goals, specify a list of goals, in descending priority order, in the goals configuration option.

Note
 To avoid errors when generating optimization proposals, make sure that any changes you make to the goals or default.goals in Kafka.spec.cruiseControl.config include all of the hard goals specified for the hard.goals property. To clarify, the hard goals must also be specified (as a subset) for the main optimization goals and default goals.

14.2.5. Default optimization goals

Cruise Control uses the default optimization goals to generate the cached optimization proposal. For more information about the cached optimization proposal, see Optimization proposals overview.

You can override the default optimization goals by setting user-provided optimization goals in a KafkaRebalance custom resource.

Unless you specify default.goals in the Cruise Control deployment configuration, the main optimization goals are used as the default optimization goals. In this case, the cached optimization proposal is generated using the main optimization goals.

  • To use the main optimization goals as the default goals, do not specify the default.goals property in Kafka.spec.cruiseControl.config.

  • To modify the default optimization goals, edit the default.goals property in Kafka.spec.cruiseControl.config. You must use a subset of the main optimization goals.

Example Kafka configuration for default optimization goals
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  name: my-cluster
spec:
  kafka:
    # ...
  zookeeper:
    # ...
  entityOperator:
    topicOperator: {}
    userOperator: {}
  cruiseControl:
    brokerCapacity:
      inboundNetwork: 10000KB/s
      outboundNetwork: 10000KB/s
    config:
      # Note that `default.goals` (superset) must also include all `hard.goals` (subset)
      default.goals: >
        com.linkedin.kafka.cruisecontrol.analyzer.goals.RackAwareGoal,
        com.linkedin.kafka.cruisecontrol.analyzer.goals.ReplicaCapacityGoal,
        com.linkedin.kafka.cruisecontrol.analyzer.goals.DiskCapacityGoal
      hard.goals: >
        com.linkedin.kafka.cruisecontrol.analyzer.goals.RackAwareGoal
      # ...

If no default optimization goals are specified, the cached proposal is generated using the main optimization goals.

14.2.6. User-provided optimization goals

User-provided optimization goals narrow down the configured default goals for a particular optimization proposal. You can set them, as required, in spec.goals in a KafkaRebalance custom resource:

KafkaRebalance.spec.goals

User-provided optimization goals can generate optimization proposals for different scenarios. For example, you might want to optimize leader replica distribution across the Kafka cluster without considering disk capacity or disk utilization. So, you create a KafkaRebalance custom resource containing a single user-provided goal for leader replica distribution.

User-provided optimization goals must:

  • Include all configured hard goals, or an error occurs

  • Be a subset of the main optimization goals

To ignore the configured hard goals when generating an optimization proposal, add the skipHardGoalCheck: true property to the KafkaRebalance custom resource. See Generating optimization proposals.

Additional resources

14.3. Optimization proposals overview

Configure a KafkaRebalance resource to generate optimization proposals and apply the suggested changes. An optimization proposal is a summary of proposed changes that would produce a more balanced Kafka cluster, with partition workloads distributed more evenly among the brokers.

Each optimization proposal is based on the set of optimization goals that was used to generate it, subject to any configured capacity limits on broker resources.

All optimization proposals are estimates of the impact of a proposed rebalance. You can approve or reject a proposal. You cannot approve a cluster rebalance without first generating the optimization proposal.

You can run optimization proposals in one of the following rebalancing modes:

  • full

  • add-brokers

  • remove-brokers

14.3.1. Rebalancing modes

You specify a rebalancing mode using the spec.mode property of the KafkaRebalance custom resource.

full

The full mode runs a full rebalance by moving replicas across all the brokers in the cluster. This is the default mode if the spec.mode property is not defined in the KafkaRebalance custom resource.

add-brokers

The add-brokers mode is used after scaling up a Kafka cluster by adding one or more brokers. Normally, after scaling up a Kafka cluster, new brokers are used to host only the partitions of newly created topics. If no new topics are created, the newly added brokers are not used and the existing brokers remain under the same load. By using the add-brokers mode immediately after adding brokers to the cluster, the rebalancing operation moves replicas from existing brokers to the newly added brokers. You specify the new brokers as a list using the spec.brokers property of the KafkaRebalance custom resource.

remove-brokers

The remove-brokers mode is used before scaling down a Kafka cluster by removing one or more brokers. If you scale down a Kafka cluster, brokers are shut down even if they host replicas. This can lead to under-replicated partitions and possibly result in some partitions being under their minimum ISR (in-sync replicas). To avoid this potential problem, the remove-brokers mode moves replicas off the brokers that are going to be removed. When these brokers are not hosting replicas anymore, you can safely run the scaling down operation. You specify the brokers you’re removing as a list in the spec.brokers property in the KafkaRebalance custom resource.

In general, use the full rebalance mode to rebalance a Kafka cluster by spreading the load across brokers. Use the add-brokers and remove-brokers modes only if you want to scale your cluster up or down and rebalance the replicas accordingly.

The procedure to run a rebalance is actually the same across the three different modes. The only difference is with specifying a mode through the spec.mode property and, if needed, listing brokers that have been added or will be removed through the spec.brokers property.

14.3.2. The results of an optimization proposal

When an optimization proposal is generated, a summary and broker load is returned.

Summary

The summary is contained in the KafkaRebalance resource. The summary provides an overview of the proposed cluster rebalance and indicates the scale of the changes involved. A summary of a successfully generated optimization proposal is contained in the Status.OptimizationResult property of the KafkaRebalance resource. The information provided is a summary of the full optimization proposal.

Broker load

The broker load is stored in a ConfigMap that contains data as a JSON string. The broker load shows before and after values for the proposed rebalance, so you can see the impact on each of the brokers in the cluster.

14.3.3. Manually approving or rejecting an optimization proposal

An optimization proposal summary shows the proposed scope of changes.

You can use the name of the KafkaRebalance resource to return a summary from the command line.

Returning an optimization proposal summary
kubectl describe kafkarebalance <kafka_rebalance_resource_name> -n <namespace>

You can also use the jq command line JSON parser tool.

Returning an optimization proposal summary using jq
kubectl get kafkarebalance -o json | jq <jq_query>.

Use the summary to decide whether to approve or reject an optimization proposal.

Approving an optimization proposal

You approve the optimization proposal by setting the strimzi.io/rebalance annotation of the KafkaRebalance resource to approve. Cruise Control applies the proposal to the Kafka cluster and starts a cluster rebalance operation.

Rejecting an optimization proposal

If you choose not to approve an optimization proposal, you can change the optimization goals or update any of the rebalance performance tuning options, and then generate another proposal. You can generate a new optimization proposal for a KafkaRebalance resource by setting the strimzi.io/rebalance annotation to refresh.

Use optimization proposals to assess the movements required for a rebalance. For example, a summary describes inter-broker and intra-broker movements. Inter-broker rebalancing moves data between separate brokers. Intra-broker rebalancing moves data between disks on the same broker when you are using a JBOD storage configuration. Such information can be useful even if you don’t go ahead and approve the proposal.

You might reject an optimization proposal, or delay its approval, because of the additional load on a Kafka cluster when rebalancing.

In the following example, the proposal suggests the rebalancing of data between separate brokers. The rebalance involves the movement of 55 partition replicas, totaling 12MB of data, across the brokers. Though the inter-broker movement of partition replicas has a high impact on performance, the total amount of data is not large. If the total data was much larger, you could reject the proposal, or time when to approve the rebalance to limit the impact on the performance of the Kafka cluster.

Rebalance performance tuning options can help reduce the impact of data movement. If you can extend the rebalance period, you can divide the rebalance into smaller batches. Fewer data movements at a single time reduces the load on the cluster.

Example optimization proposal summary
Name:         my-rebalance
Namespace:    myproject
Labels:       strimzi.io/cluster=my-cluster
Annotations:  API Version:  kafka.strimzi.io/v1alpha1
Kind:         KafkaRebalance
Metadata:
# ...
Status:
  Conditions:
    Last Transition Time:  2022-04-05T14:36:11.900Z
    Status:                ProposalReady
    Type:                  State
  Observed Generation:     1
  Optimization Result:
    Data To Move MB:  0
    Excluded Brokers For Leadership:
    Excluded Brokers For Replica Move:
    Excluded Topics:
    Intra Broker Data To Move MB:         12
    Monitored Partitions Percentage:      100
    Num Intra Broker Replica Movements:   0
    Num Leader Movements:                 24
    Num Replica Movements:                55
    On Demand Balancedness Score After:   82.91290759174306
    On Demand Balancedness Score Before:  78.01176356230222
    Recent Windows:                       5
  Session Id:                             a4f833bd-2055-4213-bfdd-ad21f95bf184

The proposal will also move 24 partition leaders to different brokers. This requires a change to the ZooKeeper configuration, which has a low impact on performance.

The balancedness scores are measurements of the overall balance of the Kafka cluster before and after the optimization proposal is approved. A balancedness score is based on optimization goals. If all goals are satisfied, the score is 100. The score is reduced for each goal that will not be met. Compare the balancedness scores to see whether the Kafka cluster is less balanced than it could be following a rebalance.

14.3.4. Automatically approving an optimization proposal

To save time, you can automate the process of approving optimization proposals. With automation, when you generate an optimization proposal it goes straight into a cluster rebalance.

To enable the optimization proposal auto-approval mechanism, create the KafkaRebalance resource with the strimzi.io/rebalance-auto-approval annotation set to true. If the annotation is not set or set to false, the optimization proposal requires manual approval.

Example rebalance request with auto-approval mechanism enabled
apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaRebalance
metadata:
  name: my-rebalance
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster
  annotations:
    strimzi.io/rebalance-auto-approval: "true"
spec:
  mode: # any mode
  # ...

You can still check the status when automatically approving an optimization proposal. The status of the KafkaRebalance resource moves to Ready when the rebalance is complete.

14.3.5. Optimization proposal summary properties

The following table explains the properties contained in the optimization proposal’s summary section.

Table 22. Properties contained in an optimization proposal summary
JSON property Description

numIntraBrokerReplicaMovements

The total number of partition replicas that will be transferred between the disks of the cluster’s brokers.

Performance impact during rebalance operation: Relatively high, but lower than numReplicaMovements.

excludedBrokersForLeadership

Not yet supported. An empty list is returned.

numReplicaMovements

The number of partition replicas that will be moved between separate brokers.

Performance impact during rebalance operation: Relatively high.

onDemandBalancednessScoreBefore, onDemandBalancednessScoreAfter

A measurement of the overall balancedness of a Kafka Cluster, before and after the optimization proposal was generated.

The score is calculated by subtracting the sum of the BalancednessScore of each violated soft goal from 100. Cruise Control assigns a BalancednessScore to every optimization goal based on several factors, including priority—​the goal’s position in the list of default.goals or user-provided goals.

The Before score is based on the current configuration of the Kafka cluster. The After score is based on the generated optimization proposal.

intraBrokerDataToMoveMB

The sum of the size of each partition replica that will be moved between disks on the same broker (see also numIntraBrokerReplicaMovements).

Performance impact during rebalance operation: Variable. The larger the number, the longer the cluster rebalance will take to complete. Moving a large amount of data between disks on the same broker has less impact than between separate brokers (see dataToMoveMB).

recentWindows

The number of metrics windows upon which the optimization proposal is based.

dataToMoveMB

The sum of the size of each partition replica that will be moved to a separate broker (see also numReplicaMovements).

Performance impact during rebalance operation: Variable. The larger the number, the longer the cluster rebalance will take to complete.

monitoredPartitionsPercentage

The percentage of partitions in the Kafka cluster covered by the optimization proposal. Affected by the number of excludedTopics.

excludedTopics

If you specified a regular expression in the spec.excludedTopicsRegex property in the KafkaRebalance resource, all topic names matching that expression are listed here. These topics are excluded from the calculation of partition replica/leader movements in the optimization proposal.

numLeaderMovements

The number of partitions whose leaders will be switched to different replicas. This involves a change to ZooKeeper configuration.

Performance impact during rebalance operation: Relatively low.

excludedBrokersForReplicaMove

Not yet supported. An empty list is returned.

14.3.6. Broker load properties

The broker load is stored in a ConfigMap (with the same name as the KafkaRebalance custom resource) as a JSON formatted string. This JSON string consists of a JSON object with keys for each broker IDs linking to a number of metrics for each broker. Each metric consist of three values. The first is the metric value before the optimization proposal is applied, the second is the expected value of the metric after the proposal is applied, and the third is the difference between the first two values (after minus before).

Note
 The ConfigMap appears when the KafkaRebalance resource is in the ProposalReady state and remains after the rebalance is complete.

You can use the name of the ConfigMap to view its data from the command line.

Returning ConfigMap data
kubectl describe configmaps <my_rebalance_configmap_name> -n <namespace>

You can also use the jq command line JSON parser tool to extract the JSON string from the ConfigMap.

Extracting the JSON string from the ConfigMap using jq
kubectl get configmaps <my_rebalance_configmap_name> -o json | jq '.["data"]["brokerLoad.json"]|fromjson|.'

The following table explains the properties contained in the optimization proposal’s broker load ConfigMap:

JSON property Description

leaders

The number of replicas on this broker that are partition leaders.

replicas

The number of replicas on this broker.

cpuPercentage

The CPU utilization as a percentage of the defined capacity.

diskUsedPercentage

The disk utilization as a percentage of the defined capacity.

diskUsedMB

The absolute disk usage in MB.

networkOutRate

The total network output rate for the broker.

leaderNetworkInRate

The network input rate for all partition leader replicas on this broker.

followerNetworkInRate

The network input rate for all follower replicas on this broker.

potentialMaxNetworkOutRate

The hypothetical maximum network output rate that would be realized if this broker became the leader of all the replicas it currently hosts.

14.3.7. Cached optimization proposal

Cruise Control maintains a cached optimization proposal based on the configured default optimization goals. Generated from the workload model, the cached optimization proposal is updated every 15 minutes to reflect the current state of the Kafka cluster. If you generate an optimization proposal using the default optimization goals, Cruise Control returns the most recent cached proposal.

To change the cached optimization proposal refresh interval, edit the proposal.expiration.ms setting in the Cruise Control deployment configuration. Consider a shorter interval for fast changing clusters, although this increases the load on the Cruise Control server.

Additional resources

14.4. Rebalance performance tuning overview

You can adjust several performance tuning options for cluster rebalances. These options control how partition replica and leadership movements in a rebalance are executed, as well as the bandwidth that is allocated to a rebalance operation.

14.4.1. Partition reassignment commands

Optimization proposals are comprised of separate partition reassignment commands. When you approve a proposal, the Cruise Control server applies these commands to the Kafka cluster.

A partition reassignment command consists of either of the following types of operations:

  • Partition movement: Involves transferring the partition replica and its data to a new location. Partition movements can take one of two forms:

    • Inter-broker movement: The partition replica is moved to a log directory on a different broker.

    • Intra-broker movement: The partition replica is moved to a different log directory on the same broker.

  • Leadership movement: This involves switching the leader of the partition’s replicas.

Cruise Control issues partition reassignment commands to the Kafka cluster in batches. The performance of the cluster during the rebalance is affected by the number of each type of movement contained in each batch.

14.4.2. Replica movement strategies

Cluster rebalance performance is also influenced by the replica movement strategy that is applied to the batches of partition reassignment commands. By default, Cruise Control uses the BaseReplicaMovementStrategy, which simply applies the commands in the order they were generated. However, if there are some very large partition reassignments early in the proposal, this strategy can slow down the application of the other reassignments.

Cruise Control provides four alternative replica movement strategies that can be applied to optimization proposals:

  • PrioritizeSmallReplicaMovementStrategy: Order reassignments in order of ascending size.

  • PrioritizeLargeReplicaMovementStrategy: Order reassignments in order of descending size.

  • PostponeUrpReplicaMovementStrategy: Prioritize reassignments for replicas of partitions which have no out-of-sync replicas.

  • PrioritizeMinIsrWithOfflineReplicasStrategy: Prioritize reassignments with (At/Under)MinISR partitions with offline replicas. This strategy will only work if cruiseControl.config.concurrency.adjuster.min.isr.check.enabled is set to true in the Kafka custom resource’s spec.

These strategies can be configured as a sequence. The first strategy attempts to compare two partition reassignments using its internal logic. If the reassignments are equivalent, then it passes them to the next strategy in the sequence to decide the order, and so on.

14.4.3. Intra-broker disk balancing

Moving a large amount of data between disks on the same broker has less impact than between separate brokers. If you are running a Kafka deployment that uses JBOD storage with multiple disks on the same broker, Cruise Control can balance partitions between the disks.

Note
 If you are using JBOD storage with a single disk, intra-broker disk balancing will result in a proposal with 0 partition movements since there are no disks to balance between.

To perform an intra-broker disk balance, set rebalanceDisk to true under the KafkaRebalance.spec. When setting rebalanceDisk to true, do not set a goals field in the KafkaRebalance.spec, as Cruise Control will automatically set the intra-broker goals and ignore the inter-broker goals. Cruise Control does not perform inter-broker and intra-broker balancing at the same time.

14.4.4. Rebalance tuning options

Cruise Control provides several configuration options for tuning the rebalance parameters discussed above. You can set these tuning options when configuring and deploying Cruise Control with Kafka or optimization proposal levels:

  • The Cruise Control server setting can be set in the Kafka custom resource under Kafka.spec.cruiseControl.config.

  • The individual rebalance performance configurations can be set under KafkaRebalance.spec.

The relevant configurations are summarized in the following table.

Table 23. Rebalance performance tuning configuration
Cruise Control properties KafkaRebalance properties Default Description

num.concurrent.partition.movements.per.broker

concurrentPartitionMovementsPerBroker

5

The maximum number of inter-broker partition movements in each partition reassignment batch

num.concurrent.intra.broker.partition.movements

concurrentIntraBrokerPartitionMovements

2

The maximum number of intra-broker partition movements in each partition reassignment batch

num.concurrent.leader.movements

concurrentLeaderMovements

1000

The maximum number of partition leadership changes in each partition reassignment batch

default.replication.throttle

replicationThrottle

Null (no limit)

The bandwidth (in bytes per second) to assign to partition reassignment

default.replica.movement.strategies

replicaMovementStrategies

BaseReplicaMovementStrategy

The list of strategies (in priority order) used to determine the order in which partition reassignment commands are executed for generated proposals. For the server setting, use a comma separated string with the fully qualified names of the strategy class (add com.linkedin.kafka.cruisecontrol.executor.strategy. to the start of each class name). For the KafkaRebalance resource setting use a YAML array of strategy class names.

-

rebalanceDisk

false

Enables intra-broker disk balancing, which balances disk space utilization between disks on the same broker. Only applies to Kafka deployments that use JBOD storage with multiple disks.

Changing the default settings affects the length of time that the rebalance takes to complete, as well as the load placed on the Kafka cluster during the rebalance. Using lower values reduces the load but increases the amount of time taken, and vice versa.

Additional resources

14.5. Configuring and deploying Cruise Control with Kafka

Configure a Kafka resource to deploy Cruise Control alongside a Kafka cluster. You can use the cruiseControl properties of the Kafka resource to configure the deployment. Deploy one instance of Cruise Control per Kafka cluster.

Use goals configuration in the Cruise Control config to specify optimization goals for generating optimization proposals. You can use brokerCapacity to change the default capacity limits for goals related to resource distribution. If brokers are running on nodes with heterogeneous network resources, you can use overrides to set network capacity limits for each broker.

If an empty object ({}) is used for the cruiseControl configuration, all properties use their default values.

For more information on the configuration options for Cruise Control, see the Strimzi Custom Resource API Reference.

Prerequisites

  • A Kubernetes cluster

  • A running Cluster Operator

Procedure

  1. Edit the cruiseControl property for the Kafka resource.

    The properties you can configure are shown in this example configuration:

    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  name: my-cluster
spec:
  # ...
  cruiseControl:
    brokerCapacity: # (1)
      inboundNetwork: 10000KB/s
      outboundNetwork: 10000KB/s
      overrides: # (2)
      - brokers: [0]
        inboundNetwork: 20000KiB/s
        outboundNetwork: 20000KiB/s
      - brokers: [1, 2]
        inboundNetwork: 30000KiB/s
        outboundNetwork: 30000KiB/s
      # ...
    config: # (3)
      # Note that `default.goals` (superset) must also include all `hard.goals` (subset)
      default.goals: > # (4)
        com.linkedin.kafka.cruisecontrol.analyzer.goals.RackAwareGoal,
        com.linkedin.kafka.cruisecontrol.analyzer.goals.ReplicaCapacityGoal,
        com.linkedin.kafka.cruisecontrol.analyzer.goals.DiskCapacityGoal
        # ...
      hard.goals: >
        com.linkedin.kafka.cruisecontrol.analyzer.goals.RackAwareGoal
        # ...
      cpu.balance.threshold: 1.1
      metadata.max.age.ms: 300000
      send.buffer.bytes: 131072
      webserver.http.cors.enabled: true # (5)
      webserver.http.cors.origin: "*"
      webserver.http.cors.exposeheaders: "User-Task-ID,Content-Type"
      # ...
    resources: # (6)
      requests:
        cpu: 1
        memory: 512Mi
      limits:
        cpu: 2
        memory: 2Gi
    logging: # (7)
        type: inline
        loggers:
          rootLogger.level: INFO
    template: # (8)
      pod:
        metadata:
          labels:
            label1: value1
        securityContext:
          runAsUser: 1000001
          fsGroup: 0
        terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 120
    readinessProbe: # (9)
      initialDelaySeconds: 15
      timeoutSeconds: 5
    livenessProbe:
      initialDelaySeconds: 15
      timeoutSeconds: 5
    metricsConfig: # (10)
      type: jmxPrometheusExporter
      valueFrom:
        configMapKeyRef:
          name: cruise-control-metrics
          key: metrics-config.yml
# ...

    1. Capacity limits for broker resources.

    2. Overrides set network capacity limits for specific brokers when running on nodes with heterogeneous network resources.

    3. Cruise Control configuration. Standard Cruise Control configuration may be provided, restricted to those properties not managed directly by Strimzi.

    4. Optimization goals configuration, which can include configuration for default optimization goals (default.goals), main optimization goals (goals), and hard goals (hard.goals).

    5. CORS enabled and configured for read-only access to the Cruise Control API.

    6. Requests for reservation of supported resources, currently cpu and memory, and limits to specify the maximum resources that can be consumed.

    7. Cruise Control loggers and log levels added directly (inline) or indirectly (external) through a ConfigMap. A custom Log4j configuration must be placed under the log4j.properties key in the ConfigMap. Cruise Control has a single logger named rootLogger.level. You can set the log level to INFO, ERROR, WARN, TRACE, DEBUG, FATAL or OFF.

    8. Template customization. Here a pod is scheduled with additional security attributes.

    9. Healthchecks to know when to restart a container (liveness) and when a container can accept traffic (readiness).

    10. Prometheus metrics enabled. In this example, metrics are configured for the Prometheus JMX Exporter (the default metrics exporter).

  2. Create or update the resource:

    kubectl apply -f <kafka_configuration_file>

  3. Check the status of the deployment:

    kubectl get deployments -n <my_cluster_operator_namespace>
    Output shows the deployment name and readiness
    NAME                      READY  UP-TO-DATE  AVAILABLE
my-cluster-cruise-control 1/1    1           1

    my-cluster is the name of the Kafka cluster.

    READY shows the number of replicas that are ready/expected. The deployment is successful when the AVAILABLE output shows 1.

Auto-created topics

The following table shows the three topics that are automatically created when Cruise Control is deployed. These topics are required for Cruise Control to work properly and must not be deleted or changed. You can change the name of the topic using the specified configuration option.

Table 24. Auto-created topics
Auto-created topic configuration Default topic name Created by Function

metric.reporter.topic

strimzi.cruisecontrol.metrics

Strimzi Metrics Reporter

Stores the raw metrics from the Metrics Reporter in each Kafka broker.

partition.metric.sample.store.topic

strimzi.cruisecontrol.partitionmetricsamples

Cruise Control

Stores the derived metrics for each partition. These are created by the Metric Sample Aggregator.

broker.metric.sample.store.topic

strimzi.cruisecontrol.modeltrainingsamples

Cruise Control

Stores the metrics samples used to create the Cluster Workload Model.

To prevent the removal of records that are needed by Cruise Control, log compaction is disabled in the auto-created topics.

Note
 If the names of the auto-created topics are changed in a Kafka cluster that already has Cruise Control enabled, the old topics will not be deleted and should be manually removed.
What to do next

After configuring and deploying Cruise Control, you can generate optimization proposals.

Additional resources

14.6. Generating optimization proposals

When you create or update a KafkaRebalance resource, Cruise Control generates an optimization proposal for the Kafka cluster based on the configured optimization goals. Analyze the information in the optimization proposal and decide whether to approve it. You can use the results of the optimization proposal to rebalance your Kafka cluster.

You can run the optimization proposal in one of the following modes:

  • full (default)

  • add-brokers

  • remove-brokers

The mode you use depends on whether you are rebalancing across all the brokers already running in the Kafka cluster; or you want to rebalance after scaling up or before scaling down your Kafka cluster. For more information, see Rebalancing modes with broker scaling.

Prerequisites

  • You have deployed Cruise Control to your Strimzi cluster.

  • You have configured optimization goals and, optionally, capacity limits on broker resources.

For more information on configuring Cruise Control, see Configuring and deploying Cruise Control with Kafka.

Procedure

  1. Create a KafkaRebalance resource and specify the appropriate mode.

    full mode (default)

    To use the default optimization goals defined in the Kafka resource, leave the spec property empty. Cruise Control rebalances a Kafka cluster in full mode by default.

    Example configuration with full rebalancing by default
    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaRebalance
metadata:
  name: my-rebalance
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster
spec: {}

    You can also run a full rebalance by specifying the full mode through the spec.mode property.

    Example configuration specifying full mode
    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaRebalance
metadata:
  name: my-rebalance
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster
spec:
  mode: full
    add-brokers mode

    If you want to rebalance a Kafka cluster after scaling up, specify the add-brokers mode.

    In this mode, existing replicas are moved to the newly added brokers. You need to specify the brokers as a list.

    Example configuration specifying add-brokers mode
    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaRebalance
metadata:
  name: my-rebalance
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster
spec:
  mode: add-brokers
  brokers: [3, 4] (1)

    1. List of newly added brokers added by the scale up operation. This property is mandatory.

    remove-brokers mode

    If you want to rebalance a Kafka cluster before scaling down, specify the remove-brokers mode.

    In this mode, replicas are moved off the brokers that are going to be removed. You need to specify the brokers that are being removed as a list.

    Example configuration specifying remove-brokers mode
    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaRebalance
metadata:
  name: my-rebalance
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster
spec:
  mode: remove-brokers
  brokers: [3, 4] (1)

    1. List of brokers to be removed by the scale down operation. This property is mandatory.

    Note
    		 The following steps and the steps to approve or stop a rebalance are the same regardless of the rebalance mode you are using.

  2. To configure user-provided optimization goals instead of using the default goals, add the goals property and enter one or more goals.

    In the following example, rack awareness and replica capacity are configured as user-provided optimization goals:

    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaRebalance
metadata:
  name: my-rebalance
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster
spec:
  goals:
    - RackAwareGoal
    - ReplicaCapacityGoal

  3. To ignore the configured hard goals, add the skipHardGoalCheck: true property:

    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaRebalance
metadata:
  name: my-rebalance
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster
spec:
  goals:
    - RackAwareGoal
    - ReplicaCapacityGoal
  skipHardGoalCheck: true

  4. (Optional) To approve the optimization proposal automatically, set the strimzi.io/rebalance-auto-approval annotation to true:

    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaRebalance
metadata:
  name: my-rebalance
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster
  annotations:
    strimzi.io/rebalance-auto-approval: "true"
spec:
  goals:
    - RackAwareGoal
    - ReplicaCapacityGoal
  skipHardGoalCheck: true

  5. Create or update the resource:

    kubectl apply -f <kafka_rebalance_configuration_file>

    The Cluster Operator requests the optimization proposal from Cruise Control. This might take a few minutes depending on the size of the Kafka cluster.

  6. If you used the automatic approval mechanism, wait for the status of the optimization proposal to change to Ready. If you haven’t enabled the automatic approval mechanism, wait for the status of the optimization proposal to change to ProposalReady:

    kubectl get kafkarebalance -o wide -w -n <namespace>
    PendingProposal

    A PendingProposal status means the rebalance operator is polling the Cruise Control API to check if the optimization proposal is ready.

    ProposalReady

    A ProposalReady status means the optimization proposal is ready for review and approval.

    When the status changes to ProposalReady, the optimization proposal is ready to approve.

  7. Review the optimization proposal.

    The optimization proposal is contained in the Status.Optimization Result property of the KafkaRebalance resource.

    kubectl describe kafkarebalance <kafka_rebalance_resource_name>
    Example optimization proposal
    Status:
  Conditions:
    Last Transition Time:  2020-05-19T13:50:12.533Z
    Status:                ProposalReady
    Type:                  State
  Observed Generation:     1
  Optimization Result:
    Data To Move MB:  0
    Excluded Brokers For Leadership:
    Excluded Brokers For Replica Move:
    Excluded Topics:
    Intra Broker Data To Move MB:         0
    Monitored Partitions Percentage:      100
    Num Intra Broker Replica Movements:   0
    Num Leader Movements:                 0
    Num Replica Movements:                26
    On Demand Balancedness Score After:   81.8666802863978
    On Demand Balancedness Score Before:  78.01176356230222
    Recent Windows:                       1
  Session Id:                             05539377-ca7b-45ef-b359-e13564f1458c

    The properties in the Optimization Result section describe the pending cluster rebalance operation. For descriptions of each property, see Contents of optimization proposals.

Insufficient CPU capacity

If a Kafka cluster is overloaded in terms of CPU utilization, you might see an insufficient CPU capacity error in the KafkaRebalance status. It’s worth noting that this utilization value is unaffected by the excludedTopics configuration. Although optimization proposals will not reassign replicas of excluded topics, their load is still considered in the utilization calculation.

Example CPU utilization error
com.linkedin.kafka.cruisecontrol.exception.OptimizationFailureException:
        [CpuCapacityGoal] Insufficient capacity for cpu (Utilization 615.21,
        Allowed Capacity 420.00, Threshold: 0.70). Add at least 3 brokers with
        the same cpu capacity (100.00) as broker-0. Add at least 3 brokers with
        the same cpu capacity (100.00) as broker-0.
Note

The error shows CPU capacity as a percentage rather than the number of CPU cores. For this reason, it does not directly map to the number of CPUs configured in the Kafka custom resource. It is like having a single virtual CPU per broker, which has the cycles of the CPUs configured in Kafka.spec.kafka.resources.limits.cpu. This has no effect on the rebalance behavior, since the ratio between CPU utilization and capacity remains the same.
What to do next

Approving an optimization proposal

Additional resources

14.7. Approving an optimization proposal

You can approve an optimization proposal generated by Cruise Control, if its status is ProposalReady. Cruise Control will then apply the optimization proposal to the Kafka cluster, reassigning partitions to brokers and changing partition leadership.

Caution

This is not a dry run. Before you approve an optimization proposal, you must:
Prerequisites
Procedure

Perform these steps for the optimization proposal that you want to approve.

  1. Unless the optimization proposal is newly generated, check that it is based on current information about the state of the Kafka cluster. To do so, refresh the optimization proposal to make sure it uses the latest cluster metrics:

    1. Annotate the KafkaRebalance resource in Kubernetes with strimzi.io/rebalance=refresh:

      kubectl annotate kafkarebalance <kafka_rebalance_resource_name> strimzi.io/rebalance=refresh

  2. Wait for the status of the optimization proposal to change to ProposalReady:

    kubectl get kafkarebalance -o wide -w -n <namespace>
    PendingProposal

    A PendingProposal status means the rebalance operator is polling the Cruise Control API to check if the optimization proposal is ready.

    ProposalReady

    A ProposalReady status means the optimization proposal is ready for review and approval.

    When the status changes to ProposalReady, the optimization proposal is ready to approve.

  3. Approve the optimization proposal that you want Cruise Control to apply.

    Annotate the KafkaRebalance resource in Kubernetes with strimzi.io/rebalance=approve:

    kubectl annotate kafkarebalance <kafka_rebalance_resource_name> strimzi.io/rebalance=approve

  4. The Cluster Operator detects the annotated resource and instructs Cruise Control to rebalance the Kafka cluster.

  5. Wait for the status of the optimization proposal to change to Ready:

    kubectl get kafkarebalance -o wide -w -n <namespace>
    Rebalancing

    A Rebalancing status means the rebalancing is in progress.

    Ready

    A Ready status means the rebalance is complete.

    NotReady

    A NotReady status means an error occurred—​see Fixing problems with a KafkaRebalance resource.

    When the status changes to Ready, the rebalance is complete.

    To use the same KafkaRebalance custom resource to generate another optimization proposal, apply the refresh annotation to the custom resource. This moves the custom resource to the PendingProposal or ProposalReady state. You can then review the optimization proposal and approve it, if desired.

Additional resources

14.8. Stopping a cluster rebalance

Once started, a cluster rebalance operation might take some time to complete and affect the overall performance of the Kafka cluster.

If you want to stop a cluster rebalance operation that is in progress, apply the stop annotation to the KafkaRebalance custom resource. This instructs Cruise Control to finish the current batch of partition reassignments and then stop the rebalance. When the rebalance has stopped, completed partition reassignments have already been applied; therefore, the state of the Kafka cluster is different when compared to prior to the start of the rebalance operation. If further rebalancing is required, you should generate a new optimization proposal.

Note
 The performance of the Kafka cluster in the intermediate (stopped) state might be worse than in the initial state.
Prerequisites

  • You have approved the optimization proposal by annotating the KafkaRebalance custom resource with approve.

  • The status of the KafkaRebalance custom resource is Rebalancing.

Procedure

  1. Annotate the KafkaRebalance resource in Kubernetes:

    kubectl annotate kafkarebalance rebalance-cr-name strimzi.io/rebalance=stop

  2. Check the status of the KafkaRebalance resource:

    kubectl describe kafkarebalance rebalance-cr-name

  3. Wait until the status changes to Stopped.

Additional resources

14.9. Fixing problems with a KafkaRebalance resource

If an issue occurs when creating a KafkaRebalance resource or interacting with Cruise Control, the error is reported in the resource status, along with details of how to fix it. The resource also moves to the NotReady state.

To continue with the cluster rebalance operation, you must fix the problem in the KafkaRebalance resource itself or with the overall Cruise Control deployment. Problems might include the following:

  • A misconfigured parameter in the KafkaRebalance resource.

  • The strimzi.io/cluster label for specifying the Kafka cluster in the KafkaRebalance resource is missing.

  • The Cruise Control server is not deployed as the cruiseControl property in the Kafka resource is missing.

  • The Cruise Control server is not reachable.

After fixing the issue, you need to add the refresh annotation to the KafkaRebalance resource. During a “refresh”, a new optimization proposal is requested from the Cruise Control server.

Prerequisites
Procedure

  1. Get information about the error from the KafkaRebalance status:

    kubectl describe kafkarebalance rebalance-cr-name

  2. Attempt to resolve the issue in the KafkaRebalance resource.

  3. Annotate the KafkaRebalance resource in Kubernetes:

    kubectl annotate kafkarebalance rebalance-cr-name strimzi.io/rebalance=refresh

  4. Check the status of the KafkaRebalance resource:

    kubectl describe kafkarebalance rebalance-cr-name

  5. Wait until the status changes to PendingProposal, or directly to ProposalReady.

Additional resources

15. Using the partition reassignment tool

When scaling a Kafka cluster, you may need to add or remove brokers and update the distribution of partitions or the replication factor of topics. To update partitions and topics, you can use the kafka-reassign-partitions.sh tool.

Neither the Strimzi Cruise Control integration nor the Topic Operator support changing the replication factor of a topic. However, you can change the replication factor of a topic using the kafka-reassign-partitions.sh tool.

The tool can also be used to reassign partitions and balance the distribution of partitions across brokers to improve performance. However, it is recommended to use Cruise Control for automated partition reassignments and cluster rebalancing. Cruise Control can move topics from one broker to another without any downtime, and it is the most efficient way to reassign partitions.

It is recommended to run the kafka-reassign-partitions.sh tool as a separate interactive pod rather than within the broker container. Running the Kafka bin/ scripts within the broker container may cause a JVM to start with the same settings as the Kafka broker, which can potentially cause disruptions. By running the kafka-reassign-partitions.sh tool in a separate pod, you can avoid this issue. Running a pod with the -ti option creates an interactive pod with a terminal for running shell commands inside the pod.

Running an interactive pod with a terminal
kubectl run helper-pod -ti --image=quay.io/strimzi/kafka:0.36.0-kafka-3.5.0 --rm=true --restart=Never -- bash

15.1. Partition reassignment tool overview

The partition reassignment tool provides the following capabilities for managing Kafka partitions and brokers:

Redistributing partition replicas

Scale your cluster up and down by adding or removing brokers, and move Kafka partitions from heavily loaded brokers to under-utilized brokers. To do this, you must create a partition reassignment plan that identifies which topics and partitions to move and where to move them. Cruise Control is recommended for this type of operation as it automates the cluster rebalancing process.

Scaling topic replication factor up and down

Increase or decrease the replication factor of your Kafka topics. To do this, you must create a partition reassignment plan that identifies the existing replication assignment across partitions and an updated assignment with the replication factor changes.

Changing the preferred leader

Change the preferred leader of a Kafka partition. This can be useful if the current preferred leader is unavailable or if you want to redistribute load across the brokers in the cluster. To do this, you must create a partition reassignment plan that specifies the new preferred leader for each partition by changing the order of replicas.

Changing the log directories to use a specific JBOD volume

Change the log directories of your Kafka brokers to use a specific JBOD volume. This can be useful if you want to move your Kafka data to a different disk or storage device. To do this, you must create a partition reassignment plan that specifies the new log directory for each topic.

15.1.1. Generating a partition reassignment plan

The partition reassignment tool (kafka-reassign-partitions.sh) works by generating a partition assignment plan that specifies which partitions should be moved from their current broker to a new broker.

If you are satisfied with the plan, you can execute it. The tool then does the following:

  • Migrates the partition data to the new broker

  • Updates the metadata on the Kafka brokers to reflect the new partition assignments

  • Triggers a rolling restart of the Kafka brokers to ensure that the new assignments take effect

The partition reassignment tool has three different modes:

--generate

Takes a set of topics and brokers and generates a reassignment JSON file which will result in the partitions of those topics being assigned to those brokers. Because this operates on whole topics, it cannot be used when you only want to reassign some partitions of some topics.

--execute

Takes a reassignment JSON file and applies it to the partitions and brokers in the cluster. Brokers that gain partitions as a result become followers of the partition leader. For a given partition, once the new broker has caught up and joined the ISR (in-sync replicas) the old broker will stop being a follower and will delete its replica.

--verify

Using the same reassignment JSON file as the --execute step, --verify checks whether all the partitions in the file have been moved to their intended brokers. If the reassignment is complete, --verify also removes any traffic throttles (--throttle) that are in effect. Unless removed, throttles will continue to affect the cluster even after the reassignment has finished.

It is only possible to have one reassignment running in a cluster at any given time, and it is not possible to cancel a running reassignment. If you must cancel a reassignment, wait for it to complete and then perform another reassignment to revert the effects of the first reassignment. The kafka-reassign-partitions.sh will print the reassignment JSON for this reversion as part of its output. Very large reassignments should be broken down into a number of smaller reassignments in case there is a need to stop in-progress reassignment.

15.1.2. Specifying topics in a partition reassignment JSON file

The kafka-reassign-partitions.sh tool uses a reassignment JSON file that specifies the topics to reassign. You can generate a reassignment JSON file or create a file manually if you want to move specific partitions.

A basic reassignment JSON file has the structure presented in the following example, which describes three partitions belonging to two Kafka topics. Each partition is reassigned to a new set of replicas, which are identified by their broker IDs. The version, topic, partition, and replicas properties are all required.

Example partition reassignment JSON file structure
{
  "version": 1, # (1)
  "partitions": [ # (2)
    {
      "topic": "example-topic-1", # (3)
      "partition": 0, # (4)
      "replicas": [1, 2, 3] # (5)
    },
    {
      "topic": "example-topic-1",
      "partition": 1,
      "replicas": [2, 3, 4]
    },
    {
      "topic": "example-topic-2",
      "partition": 0,
      "replicas": [3, 4, 5]
    }
  ]
}

  1. The version of the reassignment JSON file format. Currently, only version 1 is supported, so this should always be 1.

  2. An array that specifies the partitions to be reassigned.

  3. The name of the Kafka topic that the partition belongs to.

  4. The ID of the partition being reassigned.

  5. An ordered array of the IDs of the brokers that should be assigned as replicas for this partition. The first broker in the list is the leader replica.

Note
 Partitions not included in the JSON are not changed.

If you specify only topics using a topics array, the partition reassignment tool reassigns all the partitions belonging to the specified topics.

Example reassignment JSON file structure for reassigning all partitions for a topic
{
  "version": 1,
  "topics": [
    { "topic": "my-topic"}
  ]
}

15.1.3. Reassigning partitions between JBOD volumes

When using JBOD storage in your Kafka cluster, you can reassign the partitions between specific volumes and their log directories (each volume has a single log directory).

To reassign a partition to a specific volume, add log_dirs values for each partition in the reassignment JSON file. Each log_dirs array contains the same number of entries as the replicas array, since each replica should be assigned to a specific log directory. The log_dirs array contains either an absolute path to a log directory or the special value any. The any value indicates that Kafka can choose any available log directory for that replica, which can be useful when reassigning partitions between JBOD volumes.

Example reassignment JSON file structure with log directories
{
  "version": 1,
  "partitions": [
    {
      "topic": "example-topic-1",
      "partition": 0,
      "replicas": [1, 2, 3]
      "log_dirs": ["/var/lib/kafka/data-0/kafka-log1", "any", "/var/lib/kafka/data-1/kafka-log2"]
    },
    {
      "topic": "example-topic-1",
      "partition": 1,
      "replicas": [2, 3, 4]
      "log_dirs": ["any",  "/var/lib/kafka/data-2/kafka-log3", "/var/lib/kafka/data-3/kafka-log4"]
    },
    {
      "topic": "example-topic-2",
      "partition": 0,
      "replicas": [3, 4, 5]
      "log_dirs": ["/var/lib/kafka/data-4/kafka-log5", "any",  "/var/lib/kafka/data-5/kafka-log6"]
    }
  ]
}

15.1.4. Throttling partition reassignment

Partition reassignment can be a slow process because it involves transferring large amounts of data between brokers. To avoid a detrimental impact on clients, you can throttle the reassignment process. Use the --throttle parameter with the kafka-reassign-partitions.sh tool to throttle a reassignment. You specify a maximum threshold in bytes per second for the movement of partitions between brokers. For example, --throttle 5000000 sets a maximum threshold for moving partitions of 50 MBps.

Throttling might cause the reassignment to take longer to complete.

  • If the throttle is too low, the newly assigned brokers will not be able to keep up with records being published and the reassignment will never complete.

  • If the throttle is too high, clients will be impacted.

For example, for producers, this could manifest as higher than normal latency waiting for acknowledgment. For consumers, this could manifest as a drop in throughput caused by higher latency between polls.

15.2. Generating a reassignment JSON file to reassign partitions

Generate a reassignment JSON file with the kafka-reassign-partitions.sh tool to reassign partitions after scaling a Kafka cluster. Adding or removing brokers does not automatically redistribute the existing partitions. To balance the partition distribution and take full advantage of the new brokers, you can reassign the partitions using the kafka-reassign-partitions.sh tool.

You run the tool from an interactive pod container connected to the Kafka cluster.

The following procedure describes a secure reassignment process that uses mTLS. You’ll need a Kafka cluster that uses TLS encryption and mTLS authentication.

You’ll need the following to establish a connection:

  • The cluster CA certificate and password generated by the Cluster Operator when the Kafka cluster is created

  • The user CA certificate and password generated by the User Operator when a user is created for client access to the Kafka cluster

In this procedure, the CA certificates and corresponding passwords are extracted from the cluster and user secrets that contain them in PKCS #12 (.p12 and .password) format. The passwords allow access to the .p12 stores that contain the certificates. You use the .p12 stores to specify a truststore and keystore to authenticate connection to the Kafka cluster.

Prerequisites

  • You have a running Cluster Operator.

  • You have a running Kafka cluster based on a Kafka resource configured with internal TLS encryption and mTLS authentication.

    Kafka configuration with TLS encryption and mTLS authentication
    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: Kafka
metadata:
  name: my-cluster
spec:
  kafka:
    # ...
    listeners:
      # ...
      - name: tls
        port: 9093
        type: internal
        tls: true (1)
        authentication:
          type: tls (2)
    # ...

    1. Enables TLS encryption for the internal listener.

    2. Listener authentication mechanism specified as mutual tls.

  • The running Kafka cluster contains a set of topics and partitions to reassign.

    Example topic configuration for my-topic
    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaTopic
metadata:
  name: my-topic
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster
spec:
  partitions: 10
  replicas: 3
  config:
    retention.ms: 7200000
    segment.bytes: 1073741824
    # ...

  • You have a KafkaUser configured with ACL rules that specify permission to produce and consume topics from the Kafka brokers.

    Example Kafka user configuration with ACL rules to allow operations on my-topic and my-cluster
    apiVersion: kafka.strimzi.io/v1beta2
kind: KafkaUser
metadata:
  name: my-user
  labels:
    strimzi.io/cluster: my-cluster
spec:
  authentication: (1)
    type: tls
  authorization:
    type: simple (2)
    acls:
      # access to the topic
      - resource:
          type: topic
          name: my-topic
        operations:
          - Create
          - Describe
          - Read
          - AlterConfigs
        host: "*"
      # access to the cluster
      - resource:
          type: cluster
        operations:
          - Alter
          - AlterConfigs
        host: "*"
      # ...
  # ...

    1. User authentication mechanism defined as mutual tls.

    2. Simple authorization and accompanying list of ACL rules.

Procedure

  1. Extract the cluster CA certificate and password from the <cluster_name>-cluster-ca-cert secret of the Kafka cluster.

    kubectl get secret <cluster_name>-cluster-ca-cert -o jsonpath='{.data.ca\.p12}' | base64 -d > ca.p12
    kubectl get secret <cluster_name>-cluster-ca-cert -o jsonpath='{.data.ca\.password}' | base64 -d > ca.password

    Replace <cluster_name> with the name of the Kafka cluster. When you deploy Kafka using the Kafka resource, a secret with the cluster CA certificate is created with the Kafka cluster name (<cluster_name>-cluster-ca-cert). For example, my-cluster-cluster-ca-cert.

  2. Run a new interactive pod container using the Strimzi Kafka image to connect to a running Kafka broker.

    kubectl run --restart=Never --image=quay.io/strimzi/kafka:0.36.0-kafka-3.5.0 <interactive_pod_name> -- /bin/sh -c "sleep 3600"

    Replace <interactive_pod_name> with the name of the pod.

  3. Copy the cluster CA certificate to the interactive pod container.

    kubectl cp ca.p12 <interactive_pod_name>:/tmp

  4. Extract the user CA certificate and password from the secret of the Kafka user that has permission to access the Kafka brokers.

    kubectl get secret <kafka_user> -o jsonpath='{.data.user\.p12}' | base64 -d > user.p12
    kubectl get secret <kafka_user> -o jsonpath='{.data.user\.password}' | base64 -d > user.password

    Replace <kafka_user> with the name of the Kafka user. When you create a Kafka user using the KafkaUser resource, a secret with the user CA certificate is created with the Kafka user name. For example, my-user.

  5. Copy the user CA certificate to the interactive pod container.

    kubectl cp user.p12 <interactive_pod_name>:/tmp

    The CA certificates allow the interactive pod container to connect to the Kafka broker using TLS.

  6. Create a config.properties file to specify the truststore and keystore used to authenticate connection to the Kafka cluster.

    Use the certificates and passwords you extracted in the previous steps.

    bootstrap.servers=<kafka_cluster_name>-kafka-bootstrap:9093 (1)
security.protocol=SSL (2)
ssl.truststore.location=/tmp/ca.p12 (3)
ssl.truststore.password=<truststore_password> (4)
ssl.keystore.location=/tmp/user.p12 (5)
ssl.keystore.password=<keystore_password> (6)

    1. The bootstrap server address to connect to the Kafka cluster. Use your own Kafka cluster name to replace <kafka_cluster_name>.

    2. The security protocol option when using TLS for encryption.

    3. The truststore location contains the public key certificate (ca.p12) for the Kafka cluster.

    4. The password (ca.password) for accessing the truststore.

    5. The keystore location contains the public key certificate (user.p12) for the Kafka user.

    6. The password (user.password) for accessing the keystore.

  7. Copy the config.properties file to the interactive pod container.

    kubectl cp config.properties <interactive_pod_name>:/tmp/config.properties

  8. Prepare a JSON file named topics.json that specifies the topics to move.

    Specify topic names as a comma-separated list.

    Example JSON file to reassign all the partitions of my-topic
    {
  "version": 1,
  "topics": [
    { "topic": "my-topic"}
  ]
}

    You can also use this file to change the replication factor of a topic.

  9. Copy the topics.json file to the interactive pod container.

    kubectl cp topics.json <interactive_pod_name>:/tmp/topics.json

  10. Start a shell process in the interactive pod container.

    kubectl exec -n <namespace> -ti <interactive_pod_name> /bin/bash

    Replace <namespace> with the Kubernetes namespace where the pod is running.

  11. Use the kafka-reassign-partitions.sh command to generate the reassignment JSON.

    Example command to move the partitions of my-topic to specified brokers
    bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh --bootstrap-server my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9093 \
  --command-config /tmp/config.properties \
  --topics-to-move-json-file /tmp/topics.json \
  --broker-list 0,1,2,3,4 \
  --generate
Additional resources

15.3. Reassigning partitions after adding brokers

Use a reassignment file generated by the kafka-reassign-partitions.sh tool to reassign partitions after increasing the number of brokers in a Kafka cluster. The reassignment file should describe how partitions are reassigned to brokers in the enlarged Kafka cluster. You apply the reassignment specified in the file to the brokers and then verify the new partition assignments.

This procedure describes a secure scaling process that uses TLS. You’ll need a Kafka cluster that uses TLS encryption and mTLS authentication.

The kafka-reassign-partitions.sh tool can be used to reassign partitions within a Kafka cluster, regardless of whether you are managing all nodes through the cluster or using the node pools preview to manage groups of nodes within the cluster.

Note
 Though you can use the kafka-reassign-partitions.sh tool, Cruise Control is recommended for automated partition reassignments and cluster rebalancing. Cruise Control can move topics from one broker to another without any downtime, and it is the most efficient way to reassign partitions.
Prerequisites

  • You have a running Kafka cluster based on a Kafka resource configured with internal TLS encryption and mTLS authentication.

  • You have generated a reassignment JSON file named reassignment.json.

  • You are running an interactive pod container that is connected to the running Kafka broker.

  • You are connected as a KafkaUser configured with ACL rules that specify permission to manage the Kafka cluster and its topics.

Procedure

  1. Add as many new brokers as you need by increasing the Kafka.spec.kafka.replicas configuration option.

  2. Verify that the new broker pods have started.

  3. If you haven’t done so, run an interactive pod container to generate a reassignment JSON file named reassignment.json.

  4. Copy the reassignment.json file to the interactive pod container.

    kubectl cp reassignment.json <interactive_pod_name>:/tmp/reassignment.json

    Replace <interactive_pod_name> with the name of the pod.

  5. Start a shell process in the interactive pod container.

    kubectl exec -n <namespace> -ti <interactive_pod_name> /bin/bash

    Replace <namespace> with the Kubernetes namespace where the pod is running.

  6. Run the partition reassignment using the kafka-reassign-partitions.sh script from the interactive pod container.

    bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh --bootstrap-server
 <cluster_name>-kafka-bootstrap:9093 \
 --command-config /tmp/config.properties \
 --reassignment-json-file /tmp/reassignment.json \
 --execute

    Replace <cluster_name> with the name of your Kafka cluster. For example, my-cluster-kafka-bootstrap:9093

    If you are going to throttle replication, you can also pass the --throttle option with an inter-broker throttled rate in bytes per second. For example:

    bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh --bootstrap-server
  <cluster_name>-kafka-bootstrap:9093 \
  --command-config /tmp/config.properties \
  --reassignment-json-file /tmp/reassignment.json \
  --throttle 5000000 \
  --execute

    This command will print out two reassignment JSON objects. The first records the current assignment for the partitions being moved. You should save this to a local file (not a file in the pod) in case you need to revert the reassignment later on. The second JSON object is the target reassignment you have passed in your reassignment JSON file.

    If you need to change the throttle during reassignment, you can use the same command with a different throttled rate. For example:

    bin/kafka-reassign-partitions.sh --bootstrap-server
  <cluster_name>-kafka-bootstrap:9093 \
  --command-config /tmp/config.properties \
  --reassignment-json-file /tmp/reassignment.json \
  --throttle 10000000 \
  --execute

  7. Verify that the reassignment has completed using the kafka-reassign-partitions.sh command line tool from any of the broker pods. This is the same command as the previous step, but with the --verify option instead of the --execute option.